An octave band is a frequency band that spans one octave (Play^ⓘ). In this context an octave can be a factor of 2^{[1][full citation needed]} or a factor of 10^0.301.^{[2][full citation needed][3][full citation needed]} An octave of 1200 cents in musical pitch (a logarithmic unit) corresponds to a frequency ratio of   2/ 1  ≈ 10^0.301 .

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A general system of scale of octave bands and one-third octave bands has been developed for frequency analysis in general, most specifically for acoustics. A band is said to be an octave in width when the upper band frequency is approximately twice the lower band frequency.

A whole frequency range can be divided into sets of frequencies called bands, with each band covering a specific range of frequencies. For example, radio frequencies are divided into multiple levels of band divisions and subdivisions, and rather than octaves, the highest level of radio bands (VLF, LF, MF, HF, VHF, etc.) are divided up by the wavelengths' power of ten (decads, or decils)^{[citation needed]} that is the same for all radio waves in the same band, rather than the power of two, as in analysis of acoustical frequencies.

In acoustical analysis, a one-third octave band is defined as a frequency band whose upper band-edge frequency ( f₂ or f_max ) is the lower band frequency ( f₁ or f_min ) times the tenth root of ten,^[4] or 1.2589 : The first of the one-third octave bands ends at a frequency 125.9% higher than the starting frequency for all of them, the base frequency, or approximately 399  musical cents above the start (the same frequency ratio as the musical interval between the notes C–E. The second one-third octave begins where the first-third ends and itself ends at a frequency 1.2589 ² = 1.5849 × , or 158.5% higher than the original starting frequency. The third-third, or last band ends at   1.2589 ³ = 1.9953 × , or 199.5% of the base frequency.

Any useful subdivision of acoustic frequencies is possible: Fractional octave bands such as  1 / 3 or 1/ 12  of an octave (the spacing of musical notes in 12 tone equal temperament) are widely used in acoustical engineering.^[5]

Analyzing a source on a frequency by frequency basis is possible, most often using Fourier transform analysis.^[6]

• octave
• octave (electronics)