Early life and education

Born to Herbert and Euzsenie Turat Harrington in Valhalla, New York, Harrington was the oldest of five children. As the son of an African-American father and Jewish mother from Budapest, Oliver Harrington grew up in a diverse community within South Bronx.^[2] He began cartooning to vent his frustrations about a viciously racist sixth-grade teacher^[3] and graduated from DeWitt Clinton High School in the Bronx in 1929.

Harrington later continued his educational career at Yale University, where he graduated with a degree in Fine arts in 1940.^[4]

Cartooning career

Immersing himself in the Harlem Renaissance, Harrington found employment when Ted Poston, city editor for the Amsterdam News, became aware of Harrington's already considerable skills as a cartoonist and political satirist. In 1935, Harrington created Dark Laughter, a regular single-panel cartoon, for that publication. The strip was later retitled Bootsie, after its most famous character, an ordinary African American dealing with racism in the U.S.^[5] Harrington described him as "a jolly, rather well-fed but soulful character." During this period, Harrington enrolled in Fine Arts at Yale University to complete his degree.

On October 18, 1941, he started publication of Jive Gray (1941–1951), a weekly adventure comic strip about an eponymous African-American aviator; the strip went on until Harrington moved to Paris.

After World War II, Oliver Harrington was employed by the NAACP in order to assist with a public relations campaign to help returning Black veterans. This was important because Black veterans, as a group, had been ostracized upon returning home. Unfortunately, Harrington's political views did not align with those of the NAACP and he left the organization in 1947.^[3] After this, he resumed his career as a political activist and cartoonist by bringing the "Bootsie" series back to life in the Courier.^[6]

Civil rights

During World War II, the Pittsburgh Courier sent Harrington as a correspondent to Europe and North Africa. In Italy, he met Walter White, executive secretary of the NAACP. After the war, White hired Harrington to develop the organization's public relations department, where he became a visible and outspoken advocate for civil rights.^[3]

In that capacity, Harrington published "Terror in Tennessee," a controversial expose of increased lynching violence in the post-WWII South. Given the publicity garnered by his sensational critique, Harrington was invited to debate with U.S. Attorney General Tom C. Clark on the topic of "The Struggle for Justice as a World Force."^[3] He confronted Clark for the U.S. government's failure to curb lynching and other racially motivated violence.

France

In 1947, Harrington left the NAACP and returned to cartooning. In the postwar period, his prominence and social activism brought him scrutiny from the Federal Bureau of Investigation and the House Un-American Activities Committee. Hoping to avoid further government scrutiny, Harrington moved to Paris in 1951. In Paris, Harrington joined a thriving community of African-American expatriate writers and artists, including James Baldwin, Chester Himes, and Richard Wright, who became a close friend.^[7]

Germany

Harrington was shaken by Richard Wright's death in 1960,^[7] suspecting that he was assassinated. He thought that the American embassy had a deliberate campaign of harassment directed toward the expatriates. In 1961, he requested political asylum in East Germany.^[8] He spent the rest of his life in East Berlin, finding plentiful work and a cult following. He illustrated and contributed to publications such as Eulenspiegel, Das Magazin, and the Daily Worker.^[7]