Open-mid_back_unrounded_vowel
Open-mid back unrounded vowel
Vowel sound represented by ⟨ʌ⟩ in IPA
The open-mid back unrounded vowel or low-mid back unrounded vowel[1] is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ʌ⟩, graphically a rotated lowercase "v" (called a turned V but created as a small-capital ⟨ᴀ⟩ without the crossbar, even though some vendors display it as a real turned v). Both the symbol and the sound are commonly referred to as a "wedge", "caret" or "hat". In transcriptions for English, this symbol is commonly used for the near-open central unrounded vowel and in transcriptions for Danish, it is used for the open back rounded vowel.
Quick Facts ʌ, IPA Number ...
| Open-mid back unrounded vowel | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ʌ | |||
| IPA Number | 314 | ||
| Audio sample | |||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) | ʌ | ||
| Unicode (hex) | U+028C | ||
| X-SAMPA | V | ||
| Braille |  | ||
| |||
Close
- Its vowel height is open-mid, also known as low-mid, which means the tongue is positioned halfway between an open vowel (a low vowel) and a mid vowel.
- Its vowel backness is back, which means the tongue is positioned back in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant. Unrounded back vowels tend to be centralized, which means that often they are in fact near-back.
- It is unrounded, which means that the lips are not rounded.
More information Language, Word ...
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ajië[2] | kë | [kʌˀ] | 'pot' | Distinct from /ə/ | |
| Catalan | Solsonès[3] | tarda | [ˈtaɾð̞ʌ̃ː] | 'afternoon' | Realization of final unstressed /ə/ |
| Emilian | most Emilian dialects[4] | Bulåggna | [buˈlʌɲːɐ] | 'Bologna' | It corresponds to a sound between /ɔ/ to /ä/; written ò in some spellings |
| English | Cape Town[5] | lot | [lʌt] | 'lot' | It corresponds to a weakly rounded [ɒ̈] in all other South African dialects. See South African English phonology |
| Natal[5] | |||||
| Cardiff[6] | thought | [θʌːt] | 'thought' | For some speakers it may be rounded and closer. See English phonology | |
| General South African[7] | no | [nʌː] | 'no' | May be a diphthong [ʌʊ̯] instead.[8] See South African English phonology | |
| General American[9] | gut | [ɡʌt]ⓘ | 'gut' | In some dialects, fronted to [ɜ], or fronted and lowered to [ɐ]. In Standard Southern British English, [ʌ] is increasingly heard in place of [ɐ] to avoid the trap-strut merger.[10] See English phonology and Northern Cities Vowel Shift | |
| Inland Northern American[11] | |||||
| Multicultural London[12] | |||||
| Newfoundland[13] | |||||
| Northern East Anglian[14] | |||||
| Philadelphia[15] | |||||
| Scottish[16] | |||||
| Some Estuary English speakers[17] | |||||
| Some Standard Southern British speakers[10] | |||||
| French | Picardy[18] | alors | [aˈlʌʀ̥] | 'so' | Corresponding to /ɔ/ in standard French. |
| German | Chemnitz dialect[19] | machen | [ˈmʌχɴ̩] | 'to do' | Allophone of /ʌ, ʌː/ (which phonetically are central [ɜ, ɜː])[20] before and after /ŋ, kʰ, k, χ, ʁ/. Exact backness varies; it is most posterior before /χ, ʁ/.[21] |
| Haida[22] | ḵwaáay | [qʷʰʌʔáːj] | 'the rock' | Allophone of /a/ (sometimes also /aː/) after uvular and epiglottal consonants.[23] | |
| Irish | Ulster dialect[24] | ola | [ʌl̪ˠə] | 'oil' | See Irish phonology |
| Kaingang[25] | [ˈɾʌ] | 'mark' | Varies between back [ʌ] and central [ɜ].[26] | ||
| Kashmiri | از | [ʌz] | 'today' | Allophone of [ɐ]. Used only in monosyllables. Typical of the Srinagar variety. | |
| Kensiu[27] | [hʌʎ] | 'stream' | |||
| Korean[28] | 너 / neo | [nʌ̹] | 'you' | See Korean phonology | |
| Lillooet | [example needed] | Retracted counterpart of /ə/. | |||
| Mah Meri[29] | [example needed] | Allophone of /ə/; can be mid central [ə] or close-mid back [ɤ] instead.[29] | |||
| Nepali | असल/asal | [ʌsʌl] | 'good' | See Nepali phonology | |
| Portuguese | Greater Lisbon area[30] | leite | [ˈɫ̪ʌjt̪ɨ̞] | 'milk' | Allophone of /ɐ/ before [j]. Corresponds to [e] in other accents.[30] See Portuguese phonology |
| Russian | Standard Saint Petersburg[31] | голова/golová | [ɡəɫ̪ʌˈvä] | 'head' | Corresponds to [ɐ] in standard Moscow pronunciation;[31] occurs mostly immediately before stressed syllables. See Russian phonology |
| Tamil[32] | [example needed] | Nasalized. Phonetic realization of the sequence /am/, may be [õ] or [ã] instead.[32] See Tamil phonology | |||
| Xavante[33] | [jʌm] | 'seed' | The nasal version [ʌ̃] also occurs.[33] | ||
Close
Before World War II, the /ʌ/ of Received Pronunciation was phonetically close to a back vowel [ʌ], which has since shifted forward towards [ɐ] (a near-open central unrounded vowel). Daniel Jones reported his speech (southern British) as having an advanced back vowel [ʌ̟] between his central /ə/ and back /ɔ/; however, he also reported that other southern speakers had a lower and even more advanced vowel that approached cardinal [a].[34] In American English varieties, such as in the West, the Midwest, and the urban South, the typical phonetic realization of the phoneme /ʌ/ is an open-mid central [ɜ].[35][36] Truly backed variants of /ʌ/ that are phonetically [ʌ] can occur in Inland Northern American English, Newfoundland English, Philadelphia English, some of African-American English, and (old-fashioned) white Southern American English in coastal plain and Piedmont areas.[37][38] However, the letter ⟨ʌ⟩ is still commonly used to indicate this phoneme, even in the more common varieties with central variants [ɐ] or [ɜ]. That may be because of both tradition and some other dialects retaining the older pronunciation.[39]
- While the International Phonetic Association prefers the terms "close" and "open" for vowel height, many linguists use "high" and "low".
- Zetterberg, William. "So close and yet so different: Reconstructing the phonological history of three Southern New Caledonian languages | Lund University". Lund University. Retrieved 9 July 2023.
- "Anàlisi dialectològica d'uns parlars del Solsonès". prezi.com. Retrieved 2019-11-29.
- "Scrîver al bulgnaiṡ cum và". bulgnais.com (in Emilian). Archived from the original on 2020-10-26. Retrieved 2020-04-21.
- Lass (2002), p. 115.
- Collins & Mees (1990), p. 95.
- Wells (1982), pp. 614, 621.
- Wells (1982), p. 614.
- Wells (1982), p. 485.
- Cruttenden (2014), p. 122.
- W. Labov, S. Ash and C. Boberg (1997), A national map of the regional dialects of American English, Department of Linguistics, University of Pennsylvania, retrieved May 27, 2013
- Cruttenden (2014), p. 91.
- Thomas (2001), pp. 27–28, 61–63.
- Trudgill (2004), p. 167.
- Thomas (2001), pp. 27–28, 73–74.
- Altendorf & Watt (2004), p. 188.
- "Picardie : phonétique". Retrieved 29 January 2015.
- Khan & Weise (2013), pp. 235, 238.
- Khan & Weise (2013), p. 236.
- Khan & Weise (2013), p. 238.
- Lawrence (1977), pp. 32–33.
- Lawrence (1977), pp. 32–33, 36.
- Ní Chasaide (1999), pp. 114–115.
- Jolkesky (2009), pp. 676–677, 682.
- Jolkesky (2009), pp. 676, 682.
- Bishop (1996), p. 230.
- Kruspe & Hajek (2009), p. 245.
- Cruz-Ferreira (1995), pp. 91–2.
- Yanushevskaya & Bunčić (2015), p. 225.
- Keane (2004), p. 114.
- Nikulin & Carvalho (2019), p. 263.
- Jones (1972), pp. 86–88.
- Gordon (2004b), p. 340.
- Tillery & Bailey (2004), p. 333.
- Thomas (2001), pp. 27–28, 112–115, 121, 134, 174.
- Gordon (2004a), pp. 294–296.
- Roca & Johnson (1999), p. 135.
- Altendorf, Ulrike; Watt, Dominic (2004). "The dialects in the South of England: phonology". In Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.). A Handbook of Varieties of English. Vol. 1: Phonology. Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 181–196. ISBN 3-11-017532-0.
- Bishop, Nancy (1996). "A preliminary description of Kensiu (Maniq) phonology" (PDF). Mon–Khmer Studies Journal. 25: 227–253.
- Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (1990). "The phonetics of Cardiff English". In Coupland, Nikolas; Thomas, Alan Richard (eds.). English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change. Multilingual Matters. pp. 87–103. ISBN 1-85359-032-0.
- Cruttenden, Alan (2014). Gimson's Pronunciation of English (8th ed.). Routledge. ISBN 9781444183092.
- Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995). "European Portuguese". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 25 (2): 90–94. doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223. S2CID 249414876.
- Gordon, Matthew (2004a). "New York, Philadelphia and other Northern Cities". In Kortmann, Bernd; Schneider, Edgar W. (eds.). A Handbook of Varieties of English. Vol. 1: Phonology. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 294–296. ISBN 3-11-017532-0.
- Gordon, Matthew (2004b), "The West and Midwest: Phonology", in Kortmann, Bernd; Schneider, Edgar W. (eds.), A Handbook of Varieties of English, vol. 1: Phonology, Walter de Gruyter, p. 340, ISBN 3-11-017532-0
- Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho de Valhery (2009). "Fonologia e prosódia do Kaingáng falado em Cacique Doble" [Phonology and prosody of Kaingang spoken in Cacique Doble]. Anais do SETA (in Portuguese). 3. Campinas: Editora do IEL-UNICAMP: 675–685.
- Jones, Daniel (1972). An Outline of English Phonetics (9th ed.). Cambridge: W. Heffer & Sons.
- Keane, Elinor (2004). "Tamil". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 34 (1): 111–116. doi:10.1017/S0025100304001549.
- Khan, Sameer ud Dowla; Weise, Constanze (2013). "Upper Saxon (Chemnitz dialect)" (PDF). Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 43 (2): 231–241. doi:10.1017/S0025100313000145.
- Kruspe, Nicole; Hajek, John (2009). "Mah Meri". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 39 (2): 241–248. doi:10.1017/S0025100309003946.
- Lass, Roger (2002). "South African English". In Mesthrie, Rajend (ed.). Language in South Africa. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521791052.
- Lawrence, Erma (1977). Haida Dictionary. Fairbanks: Alaska Native Language Center.
- Lee, Hyun Bok (1999). "Korean". Handbook of the International Phonetic Association. Cambridge University Press. pp. 120–122. ISBN 0-521-63751-1.
- Ní Chasaide, Ailbhe (1999). "Irish". Handbook of the International Phonetic Association. Cambridge University Press. pp. 111–116. ISBN 0-521-63751-1.
- Roca, Iggy; Johnson, Wyn (1999). Course in Phonology. Blackwell Publishing.
- Scobbie, James M.; Gordeeva, Olga B.; Matthews, Benjamin (2006), Acquisition of Scottish English Phonology: An Overview, Edinburgh: QMU Speech Science Research Centre Working Papers
- Thomas, Erik R. (2001). "An acoustic analysis of vowel variation in New World English". Publication of the American Dialect Society. 85. Duke University Press for the American Dialect Society.
- Tillery, Jan; Bailey, Guy (2004). "The urban south: Phonology". In Kortmann, Bernd; Schneider, Edgar W. (eds.). A Handbook of Varieties of English. Vol. 1: Phonology. Walter de Gruyter. p. 333. ISBN 3-11-017532-0.
- Trudgill, Peter (2004). "The dialect of East Anglia: Phonology". In Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.). A Handbook of Varieties of English. Vol. 1: Phonology. Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 163–177. ISBN 3-11-017532-0.
- Wells, J.C. (1982). Accents of English 3: Beyond the British Isles. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-28541-0.
- Yanushevskaya, Irena; Bunčić, Daniel (2015). "Russian". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 45 (2): 221–228. doi:10.1017/S0025100314000395.
- Nikulin, Andrey; Carvalho, Fernando O. de (2019). "Estudos diacrônicos de línguas indígenas brasileiras: um panorama". Macabéa - Revista Eletrônica do NETLLI (in Brazilian Portuguese). 8 (2). Crato. doi:10.47295/MREN.V8I2.1910.