Operation_Retribution_(1943)
Operation Retribution
Second world war sea blockade of Tunisia
Operation Retribution was the Second World War air and naval blockade designed to prevent the seaborne evacuation of Axis forces from Tunisia to Sicily. Axis forces were isolated in northern Tunisia and faced Operation Vulcan, the final Allied assault. The equivalent blockade of air evacuation was Operation Flax.
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The British Admiral Andrew Cunningham—Allied naval commander—began the operation on 7 May 1943, with the colourful signal to "Sink, burn and destroy. Let nothing pass". He had also named the operation Retribution in recognition of the losses that his destroyer forces had endured during the Greek campaign, the German occupation of Greece and Operation Mercury the capture of Crete.[1] The Germans were unable to mount a significant rescue effort.
The predicament of the Axis had been recognised earlier and a large scale effort to evacuate Axis personnel was expected. So, all available naval light forces were ordered to concentrate at Malta or Bone, with specified patrol areas.[note 1] To achieve this, convoy movements were restricted to release their escorts. The Italian Fleet was expected to intervene and the battleships HMS Nelson and Rodney and the aircraft carrier HMS Formidable were moved to Algiers in readiness for a major action.[2]
The Italian Fleet did not leave port (due to the imposing threat of the British navy in much of the Mediterranean Sea) and there was no organised attempt to evacuate Axis forces by sea. Two supply ships en route to Tunisia were intercepted and sunk. Inshore flotillas of British Motor Torpedo Boats (MTBs) and American PT boats intercepted small craft and raided the waters around Ras Idda (Cape Bon) and Kelibia.[1] The only significant threat to the sea forces were friendly fire attacks by Allied aircraft, after which red recognition patches were painted on the ships.[3] The Allies captured 897 men. 653 Germans and Italians are thought to have escaped to Italy and an unknown number drowned.[citation needed] One of the most famous escape stories is that of Rudolf Nieger, a German Kapitänleutnant who made it to Sicily with six other soldiers. They hid for several weeks on small islands off the Tunisian coast. Then they stole an Allied motorboat and got Arabs to provide enough gasoline to get them to Sicily.[4] However, individual examples of determined escapes by small groups like this did not change the overall outcome of the Tunisian campaign, in which the vast majority of the remaining Germans and Italians in Tunisia would end up in American prisoner-of-war camps.
Axis forces in north Africa, squeezed into a small area with minimal supplies and facing well-equipped and -supplied opponents, surrendered on 13 May. The north African ports were rapidly cleared and readied to support the forthcoming invasions of southern Europe. The 12th, 13th and 14th Minesweeping Flotillas from Malta, two groups of minesweeping trawlers and smaller vessels cleared a channel through the minefields of the Sicilian Channel to Tripoli, removing nearly 200 moored mines. On 15 May, Cunningham signalled that "the passage through the Mediterranean was clear" and that convoys from Gibraltar to Alexandria could be started at once. Thus the direct route between Gibraltar and Alexandria—closed since May 1941—was reopened with prodigious savings in shipping and their escorts.[3]