Orders_of_magnitude_(force)
The following list shows different orders of magnitude of force.
Since weight under gravity is a force, several of these examples refer to the weight of various objects. Unless otherwise stated, these are weights under average Earth gravity at sea level.
More information Factor (N), Value ...
| Factor (N) | Value | Item |
|---|---|---|
| 10−47 |
3.6×10−17 qN | Gravitational attraction of the proton and the electron in hydrogen atom[1] |
| 10−30 quectonewton (qN) |
8.9 qN | Weight of an electron[1] |
| 10−26 |
16 rN | Weight of a hydrogen atom[1] |
| 10−24 yoctonewton (yN) |
5 yN | Force necessary to synchronize the motion of a single trapped ion with an external signal measured in a 2010 experiment[2][3] |
| 10−22 | 170 yN | Force measured in a 2010 experiment by perturbing 60 beryllium-9 ions[4][5] |
| 10−15 femtonewton (fN) |
||
| 10−14 | ~10 fN | Brownian motion force on an E. coli bacterium averaged over 1 second[6] |
| ~10 fN | Weight of an E. coli bacterium[7][8] | |
| 10−13 | ~100 fN | Force to stretch double-stranded DNA to 50% relative extension[6] |
| 10−12 piconewton (pN) |
~4 pN | Force to break a hydrogen bond[6] |
| ~5 pN | Maximum force of a molecular motor[6] | |
| 10−11 | ||
| 10−10 | ~160 pN | Force to break a typical noncovalent bond[6] |
| 10−9 nanonewton (nN) |
~1.6 nN | Force to break a typical covalent bond[6] |
| 10−8 |
8.2×10−8 N | Force on an electron in a hydrogen atom[1] |
| 10−7 |
2×10−7 N | Force between two 1 meter long conductors, 1 meter apart by an outdated definition of one ampere |
| 10−6 micronewton (μN) |
1–150 μN | Output of FEEP ion thrusters used in NASA's Laser Interferometer Space Antenna[9] |
| 10−4 | ||
| 10−3 millinewton (mN) |
||
| 10−2 | 19-92 mN | Thrust of the NSTAR ion engine tested on NASA's space probe Deep Space 1[10] |
| 10−1 | ||
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More information Magnitude, Value ...
| Magnitude | Value | Item |
|---|---|---|
| 1 N | 1.4 N | The weight of a smartphone[11][12] |
| 2.5 N | Typical thrust of a Dual-Stage 4-Grid ion thruster. | |
| 9.8 N | One kilogram-force, nominal weight of a 1 kg (2.2 lb) object at sea level on Earth[13] | |
| 10 N | 50 N | Average force to break the shell of a chicken egg from a young hen[14] |
| 102 N | 720 N | Average force of human bite, measured at molars[15] |
| 103 N kilonewton (kN) |
5 kN | The force applied by the engine of a small car during peak acceleration[citation needed] |
| 8 kN | The maximum force achieved by weight lifters during a 'clean and jerk' lift[16] (During the clean part) | |
| 9 kN | The bite force of one adult American alligator[17] | |
| 104 N | 16.5 kN | The bite force of a 5.2 m (17 ft) saltwater crocodile[18] |
| 18 kN | The estimated bite force of a 6.1 m (20 ft) adult great white shark[19] | |
| 25 kN | Approximate force applied by the motors of a Tesla Model S during maximal acceleration[20] | |
| 25.5 to 34.5 kN | The estimated bite force of a large 6.7 m (22 ft) adult saltwater crocodile[21] | |
| 105 N | 100 kN | The average force applied by seatbelt and airbag to a restrained passenger in a car which hits a stationary barrier at 100 km/h[22] |
| 569 kN | Maximum thrust of a large turbofan engine (General Electric GE90) | |
| 890 kN | Maximum pulling force (tractive effort) of a single large diesel-electric locomotive[1] | |
| 106 N meganewton (MN) |
1.8 MN | Thrust of Space Shuttle Main Engine at lift-off[23][24][25] |
| 1.9 MN | Weight of the largest Blue Whale[1] | |
| 107 N | 35 MN | Thrust of Saturn V rocket at lift-off[26] |
| 108 N | 570 MN | Simplistic estimate of force of sunlight on Earth[27] |
| 109 N giganewton (GN) |
||
| 1020 N | 200 EN | Gravitational attraction between Earth and Moon[28] |
| 1022 N | 35 ZN | Gravitational attraction between Earth and Sun[29] |
| 1029 N | ≈450 RN | Gravitational attraction between our Galaxy and Andromeda Galaxy[30] |
| 1044 N | 1.2 (1014) QN | Planck force |
Close
- Hugh D. Young, University Physics 4th Ed, 1992, Addison-Wesley Publishing Co, Inc.
- Knünz, S.; Herrmann, M.; Batteiger, V.; Saathoff, G.; Hänsch, T.; Vahala, K.; Udem, T. (2010). "Injection Locking of a Trapped-Ion Phonon Laser" (PDF). Physical Review Letters. 105 (1): 013004. Bibcode:2010PhRvL.105a3004K. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.105.013004. PMID 20867440.
- "Single atoms for detecting extremely weak forces". Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics. Archived from the original on 2010-08-26. Retrieved 2010-09-02.
- Brumfiel, G. (2010). "Scientists measure atomic nudge". Nature. doi:10.1038/news.2010.187.
- M. J. Biercuk; H. Uys; J. W. Britton; A. P. VanDevender; J. J. Bollinger (9 Apr 2010). "Ultrasensitive detection of force and displacement using trapped ions". Nature Nanotechnology. 5 (9): 646–650. arXiv:1004.0780. Bibcode:2010NatNa...5..646B. doi:10.1038/NNANO.2010.165. PMID 20729835. S2CID 119244588.
detection of forces as small as 174 yN
- "Forces involved at the biological level". PicoTwist. Retrieved 30 December 2011.
- "E. coli Statistics". The CyberCell Database. Archived from the original on 2011-10-27. Retrieved 2011-09-11.
- Calculated: weight = mass * g = 1e-15 kg * 9.81 m/s^2 = 1e-14 N
- "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-02-12. Retrieved 2009-01-09.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - "NSTAR Ion Thruster". NASA. Archived from the original on 11 January 2003. Retrieved 9 January 2012.
thrust from 19 mN to 92 mN
- "How Much Does Your Smartphone Really Weigh?". 15 December 2016.
- "Appendix B8—Factors for Units Listed Alphabetically". NIST Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI). NIST. 2 July 2009. Retrieved 9 January 2012.
- Damme, Klaus (2020). Geflügeljahrbuch 2021. Stuttgart, Germany: Eugen Ulmer KG. pp. 262–281. ISBN 978-3-8186-1186-6.
- Houston T E, Bite Force and Bite Pressure: Comparisons of Humans and Dogs, 2003 "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-01-24. Retrieved 2016-02-10.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - The Human Machine By R. McNeill Alexander, Mark Iley, Sally Alexander
- Erickson, G. M.; Lappin, A. K.; Vliet, K. A. (2003). "The ontogeny of bite-force performance in American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis)" (PDF). Journal of Zoology. 260 (3): 317. doi:10.1017/S0952836903003819. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-06-07. 9452 N
- "Crocodiles Have Strongest Bite Ever Measured, Hands-on Tests Show". Retrieved 15 March 2012.
The "winners"—saltwater crocodiles—slammed their jaws shut with 3,700 pounds per square inch (psi), or 16,460 newtons, of bite force.
- "Great White Tops List of Hardest-Biting Sharks". Discovery News. Discovery Channel. Retrieved 21 January 2012.
a bite force of 9,320 Newton at the tip of its jaws and 18,216 N at the back of its jaws
- Calculated from maximum acceleration of 1.22 g and kerb mass of 2,050 kg (4,520 lb).
- Erickson, Gregory M.; Gignac, Paul M.; Steppan, Scott J.; Lappin, A. Kristopher; Vliet, Kent A.; Brueggen, John D.; Inouye, Brian D.; Kledzik, David; Webb, Grahame J. W. (2012). "Insights into the Ecology and Evolutionary Success of Crocodilians Revealed through Bite-Force and Tooth-Pressure Experimentation". PLOS ONE. 7 (3): e31781. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...731781E. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0031781. PMC 3303775. PMID 22431965.
scientifically documented 6.7-meter long Crocodylus porosus individuals were likely capable of molariform bite forces of approximately 27,531 N to 34,424 N (6,187 to 7,736 lbs).
- Lawrence Weinstein and John A. Adams, Guesstimation, 2008, Section 6.3.1
- "Space Shuttle Main Engine". Pratt & Whitney Rocketdyne. Archived from the original on 14 November 2012. Retrieved 20 April 2013.
109% power level at sea level: 418,000 lb
- Wade, Mark. "SSME". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from the original on June 26, 2002. Retrieved 27 October 2011.
Launches normally used 104% ... as a maximum
- Calculated: 418000 lbf * 4.45 N/lbf * (104% launch power level / 109%) = 1.77e6 N.
- "What Was the Saturn V?". NASA. Archived from the original on 10 November 2010. Retrieved 21 January 2012.
The rocket generated 34.5 million newtons ... of thrust at launch
- 1.63 x 10−14 x gravitational attraction between Earth and Sun, assuming total absorption of sunlight Sunlight Exerts Pressure, NASA Glenn LTP Math & Science Resources
- "The Earth-Moon Equations". Archived from the original on 2012-02-17. Retrieved 2009-01-09.
- Calculated from known masses (both ×1012 kg) at a distance of 2.5 Mly.