Palmitoleic_acid

Palmitoleic acid

Palmitoleic acid

Chemical compound

Palmitoleic acid, or (9Z)-hexadec-9-enoic acid, is an omega-7 monounsaturated fatty acid (16:1n-7) with the formula CH3(CH2)5CH=CH(CH2)7COOH. It is a rare component of fats.[1] It is a common constituent of the glycerides of human adipose tissue.[citation needed] It is present in all tissues but, in general, found in higher concentrations in the liver.

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It is biosynthesized from palmitic acid by the action of the enzyme Stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1.

Animal and cell culture studies indicate that palmitoleic acid is anti-inflammatory, and improves insulin sensitivity in liver and skeletal muscles, but more studies are required to establish its actions in humans.[2] Many of the effects of palmitoleic acid are due to its activation of PPAR-alpha.[2]

Dietary sources

Palmitoleic acid is found in trace amounts in most foods except for sardine oil, which contains 15% of this acid as a component of triglycerides.[1]

Other dietary sources of palmitoleic acid include breast milk,[3] a variety of animal fats, vegetable oils, and marine oils. Macadamia oil (Macadamia integrifolia) and sea buckthorn oil (Hippophae rhamnoides) are botanical sources with high concentrations, containing 17% and 19-29% palmitoleic acid, respectively.[citation needed][4][5]

References

  1. [1]
    Anneken, David J.; Both, Sabine; Christoph, Ralf; Fieg, Georg; Steinberner, Udo; Westfechtel, Alfred (2006). "Fatty Acids". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. doi:10.1002/14356007.a10_245.pub2. ISBN 9783527303854.
  2. [2]
    de Souza CO, Vannice GK, Rosa Neto JC, Calder PC (2018). "Is Palmitoleic Acid a Plausible Nonpharmacological Strategy to Prevent or Control Chronic Metabolic and Inflammatory Disorders?" (PDF). Molecular Nutrition & Food Research. 62 (1): 1700504. doi:10.1002/mnfr.201700504. PMID 28980402.
  3. [3]
    Ogunleye A, Fakoya AT, Niizeki S, Tojo H, Sasajima I, Kobayashi M, Tateishi S, Yamaguchi K (1991). "Fatty acid composition of breast milk from Nigerian and Japanese women". J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 37 (4): 435–42. doi:10.3177/jnsv.37.435. PMID 1765848.
  4. [4]
    "Nuts, macadamia nuts, raw". NutritionData.com.
  5. [5]
    Li, Thomas S. C.; Thomas H. J. Beveridge (2003). Sea Buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) : Production and Utilization. Ottawa, Ontario: NRC Research Press. pp. 54–55. ISBN 0-660-19007-9. Archived from the original on 2010-12-30.
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