Papakura

Papakura

Papakura

Suburb in Auckland, New Zealand

This article is about the suburb. For the past territorial authority, see Papakura District. For the current local board area, see Papakura (local board area). For the local board, see Papakura Local Board.

Papakura is a suburb of South Auckland, in northern New Zealand. It is located on the shores of the Pahurehure Inlet, approximately 32 kilometres (20 mi) south of the Auckland City Centre. It is under the authority of the Auckland Council.

Quick Facts Country, City ...
Wattle Downs Takanini Ardmore
Pahurehure
Papakura
 Red Hill
Rosehill Drury Ōpaheke

The area was settled by Tāmaki Māori in the 13th or 14th centuries, who utilised the resources of the Hunua Ranges and Manukau Harbour. A defensive pā was constructed on Pukekiwiriki, and the surrounding area developed into gardens. By the latter 18th century, the tribal identities of Te Ākitai Waiohua, Ngāti Tamaoho and Ngāti Te Ata Waiohua began developing, among Waiohua descendant iwi of the Manukau Harbour, who lived seasonally in the Papakura area.

The first permanent European residents moved to Papakura in 1846. The town developed significantly during the construction of the Great South Road, and was a military outpost during the Invasion of the Waikato. During the latter 19th century, Papakura became a centre for the kauri gum trade, logging and later dairy farming. In 1938, the town had grown enough to become the Borough of Papakura, independent from the surrounding Manukau County.

From the 1950s, Papakura and the surrounding areas urbanised, in part due to the construction of the Auckland Southern Motorway. By 1987, Papakura had become a part of the greater urban sprawl of Auckland. In 1975, Papakura became a city, but lost this status in 1989 due to local government reforms.

Etymology

Papakura is a Māori language word typically translated to mean "Red Earth" or "Red Flats".[3][4] While kura is usually interpreted to be a reference the red soil of the area,[5][3][6][7] ethnographer George Graham offers an alternative translation of Papakura, "Flat of the Moa". Graham believed that kura was a reference to the North Island giant moa (kuranui), known for its red plumage, that could come down from the Papakura Hills to feed in the Papakura lowlands.[8][6] A name associated with the location of the modern township of Papakura is Wharekawa,[8][7] while the Coles Crescent area adjacent to the Pahurehure Inlet was known as Waipapa.[7]

Geography

Kirk's Bush is a remnant of the dense native forest formerly found across southern Papakura and Drury

Papakura is located on the shores of the Pahurehure Inlet, a southeastern inlet of the Manukau Harbour.[3] It is located between the suburb of Takanini to the north, and the rural settlements of Drury to the south and Karaka to the west.[6] Papakura is surrounded by Pahurehure, Rosehill, Ōpaheke and Red Hill, variously considered independent suburbs or as areas within Papakura.

To the east of Papakura is Pukekiwiriki, a basalt volcano within the South Auckland volcanic field that erupted an estimated 1,000,000 years ago. Lava flows from the eruption flowed west towards Papakura.[9] Further east of Papakura are the Hunua Ranges, a regional park in the Auckland and Waikato regions.

Before the arrival of humans, northern Papakura and Takanini were predominantly wetlands and peat bogs, while southern Papakura and Drury was home to a dense kauri-dominated forest. Kirks Bush in Papakura is a remnant of this forest.[3]

History

Māori history

Pukekiwiriki (also known as Pukekoiwiriki and Red Hill) was the location of a defended pā site, which protected the kāinga and gardens surrounding Pukekiwiriki (pictured: view from Red Hill in the 1960s)

The Auckland Region has been settled by Māori since around the 13th or 14th centuries.[10][11][12][13] Many Māori migration canoes visited the wider area, including the Matahourua, Aotea, Mātaatua, Tainui, Tākitimu, Tokomaru, Te Wakatūwhenua and Moekākara.[14][15] Papakura was the location of the Papakura portage, which allowed people to haul waka between the southeastern Manukau Harbour at Papakura in the west to the Wairoa River in the east, likely along the path of the Old Wairoa Road.[16] Other inland ara ("trails") existed between the Pahurehure Inlet, connecting to the Waikato in the south.[3]

Pukekiwiriki has been occupied since the arrival of migratory waka, and is associated with the Tainui ancestress Mārama,[9] who was the second wife of Hoturoa, captain of the Tainui waka. She settled permanently at the pā after quarrelling with Hoturoa.[17] The site became a home for the Tāmaki Māori people who descended from her, known as Ngā Mārama, who later became a part of the Waiohua confederation.[9]

The Papakura area was home to the kāinga of Kirikiri, Te Aparangi and Ōpaheke, which were protected by the fortified pā at Pukekiwiriki, and by Te Maketū pā to the south.[3][8] Tāmaki Māori of the Papakura area thrived by utilising the resources of the Manukau Harbour, forests of the Hunua Ranges and by creating large-scale gardens, primarily on the slopes of Pukekiwiriki.[8][3]

Waiohua and the Musket Wars

Over time, the tribal identities of Ngā Iwi and Ngā Riki emerged, primarily for those who descended from the Tainui and Arawa waka.[18][19][15] In the 17th century, three major tribes of Tāmaki Makaurau, Ngā Iwi, Ngā Oho and Ngā Riki, joined to form Waiohua, led by the rangatira Huakaiwaka. The union lasted for three generations, and was centred around the pā of Maungawhau and later Maungakiekie on the Auckland isthmus.[15][20]

Around the year 1740, a conflict between Ngāti Whātua and Waiohua led to the death of paramount chief Kiwi Tāmaki.[15][21] Many Waiohua of the isthmus and South Auckland area sought refuge with their Waikato Tainui relatives to the south. Waiohua gradually returned to the southern Manukau Harbour, including Papakura, living in disbursed villages based on seasonally available resources.[22][21][23] During this time, the tribal identities of Te Ākitai Waiohua, Ngāti Tamaoho and Ngāti Te Ata Waiohua developed.[24]

In the 1820s, the threat of Ngāpuhi war parties from the north during the Musket Wars caused the Papakura area to become deserted.[21] Waiohua descendant tribes relocated to the Waikato under the protection of Pōtatau Te Wherowhero, returning gradually during the early 1830s. By 1835, Te Ākitai Waiohua had reestablished a presence at Kirikiri, a kāinga on the western slopes of Pukekiwiriki.[25][26]

Modern-day iwi and hapū who associate with the Papakura area include Te Ākitai Waiohua, Ngāti Tamaoho, Ngāti Te Ata Waiohua, Ngāi Tai ki Tāmaki and Waikato Tainui hapū Ngāti Pou.[8]

Early colonial period

Drawing by Carl Frank Fischer of the forests near Papakura in the 1850s

In January 1842, the Crown purchased the Papakura block from Ngāti Taihaua, a hapū with ties to Ngāi Tai and Te Ākitai Waiohua, that included rangatira Īhaka Takaanini. The area had not been surveyed before purchase, and its estimated size ranges from 9,000 acres (3,600 ha) to 30,000 acres (12,000 ha).[25] The crown created a reserve for Te Ākitai Waiohua to the south of Papakura.[25]

The first European settler mentioned in newspapers is George Rich, who is described as farming and hunting wild boars at Papakura in 1844.[27][28] The first permanent European residents of Papakura were the McLennan, Cole and Willis families, who arrived between 1846 and 1848 to establish farms at Papakura.[7] Welsh immigrant George Cole became known as the "father of Papakura" in later years, and is remembered by the name of a street in Papakura, Coles Crescent.[29][30] The tract of land that was initially purchased was subdivided in 1853, with the street layout that was built initially remaining largely in place today.[29] Cole established an inn for travellers in the Papakura area.[31]

Great South Road and the Invasion of the Waikato

Great South Road at Papakura, photographed between 1863 and 1867
Main articles: Great South Road, New Zealand and Invasion of the Waikato

In 1861, Governor George Grey ordered the construction of the Great South Road further into the Waikato, due to fears of potential invasion of Waikato Tainui and concerns about the Māori King Movement.[32][33] The road preceded despite objections from Te Ākitai Waiohua to having the road constructed through their lands.[25]

The construction of Great South Road led to a population boom in Papakura, which became a military outpost staging point for the war. Many soldiers lived in Papakura village or camped in the surrounding area, and businesses made profit by serving the soldiers.[34] On 9 July 1863, due to fears of the Māori King Movement, Governor Grey proclaimed that all Māori living in the South Auckland area needed to swear loyalty to the Queen and give up their weapons. Most people refused due to strong links to Tainui, leaving for the south before the Government's Invasion of the Waikato. Small numbers of people remained, in order to tend to their farms and for ahi kā (land rights through continued occupation).[35][36] Most Māori occupants of the Papakura area felt they had no choice due to their strong ties to Tainui and Pōtatau Te Wherowhero, and were forced to flee to the Waikato in the south.[37][8] While fleeing, Te Ākitai Waiohua rangatira Ihaka Takanini and his family were captured by his former neighbour, Lieutenant-Colonel Marmaduke Nixon, and taken prisoner on Rakino Island, where Ihaka Takanini died.[38]

By 1864, the battlefront of the war had moved south of Papakura. The military barracks and stables in the town were disbanded, and local residents struggled, no longer able to supply the soldiers.[34] After the war, the Crown confiscated 1.2 million acres of Māori land around the Waikato, including Waiohua land at Papakura.[39] The former residents of the Manukau Harbour began returning to the area in 1866,[40] with the Native Compensation Court returning small portions of land in 1867.[36] Most land was kept by the crown as reserves, or sold on to British immigrant farmers.[36]: 4 [37] This included land in Papakura that was promoted to European farming families, who arrived in the mid-1860s.[34][3]

Growing township of Papakura

The unveiling of the Papakura-Karaka war memorial statue in 1921

The village of Papakura grew in the 1860s and 1870s, with early industries including logging, farming, kauri gum digging, farming, and providing services for travellers along the Great South Road.[41] By the early 1870s, the Papakura Hotel and Globe Hotel had become prominent structures in the town.[41] In 1875, Papakura railway station opened, linking the town to Auckland to the north and Hamilton to the south.[29] The opening of the railway station helped grow the profitability of dairy farming, which became a major industry in Papakura in the 1880s.[42] By 1882, Papakura had grown enough to become a town district.[43]

The 1890s saw a major increase in kauri gum diggers visiting Papakura and Takanini, many of whom were Māori and Dalmatian immigrants.[44] Papakura township was adjacent to the large Ardmore Gumfield (also known as the Papakura Gumfield), which stretched from Manurewa to Clevedon. By the 1900s, the gumfields started being converted into farmland and orchards.[45]

In 1911, the first controlled powered flight in New Zealand took place in Papakura. The flight took place inside a single paddock within the racecourse of the now-defunct Papakura Racing Club. The flight was piloted by Vivian Walsh and was carried out in a Howard Wright 1910 Biplane, the parts for which were imported from England in 1910 and assembled by members of the Auckland Aeroplane Syndicate.[46]

Papakura struggled to grow as a community between 1900 and 1919, due to repeated fires breaking out in the community, as well as the effects of World War I and the 1918–1920 flu pandemic.[47] By 1914, the town had grown to have a population of 700.[29] After the war, the Papakura Town District unveiled a memorial statue in 1921.[29] The town flourished in the 1920s.[48] By 1936 the population had grown to 1,793,[49] and in 1938, the area had grown enough that Papakura became an independent borough.[49]

The Papakura Military Camp was established on the outskirts of the town in 1939 and remains an important base for the New Zealand Army, being the home of the New Zealand Special Air Service.[50] The camp was initially built by the Stevenson family construction business.[51]

Suburbanisation

Workers at the Griffin's biscuit factory in 2019

In the years after World War II, South Auckland saw significant housing and industrial developments. By 1964, Manurewa, Takanini and Papakura had grown into a single contiguous urban area, and by 1987 Papakura had become a part of the urban sprawl of Auckland.[52]

Many people drawn to Papakura due to the Papakura cattle stockyards,[3] which were established in 1955.[53] The Auckland Southern Motorway was developed gradually in sections, with the motorway over the Pahurehure Inlet at Papakura opening in 1965.[54] By the mid-20th century horse breeding became common,[3] and as the motorway was being constructed, industrial businesses were established in the Takanini and Papakura areas.[55] In 1965 a Cadbury chocolate factory opened on Hunua Road in Papakura,[56] which later became the Griffin's biscuit factory.[57] The Roselands shopping centre opened in Papakura in 1968.[58]

Due to significant growth, the Borough of Papakura became Papakura City in 1975.[59]

Demographics

Papakura covers 12.91 km2 (4.98 sq mi)[1] and had an estimated population of 29,000 as of June 2023,[2] with a population density of 2,246 people per km2.

More information Year, Pop. ...

Before the 2023 census, Papakura had a smaller boundary, covering 10.34 km2 (3.99 sq mi).[1] Using that boundary, Papakura had a population of 22,500 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 3,276 people (17.0%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 4,833 people (27.4%) since the 2006 census. There were 6,636 households, comprising 11,085 males and 11,412 females, giving a sex ratio of 0.97 males per female, with 5,745 people (25.5%) aged under 15 years, 5,238 (23.3%) aged 15 to 29, 9,279 (41.2%) aged 30 to 64, and 2,232 (9.9%) aged 65 or older.

Ethnicities were 46.3% European/Pākehā, 34.2% Māori, 21.6% Pacific peoples, 16.9% Asian, and 2.7% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.

The percentage of people born overseas was 25.7, compared with 27.1% nationally.

Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 40.9% had no religion, 37.6% were Christian, 3.3% had Māori religious beliefs, 5.0% were Hindu, 1.4% were Muslim, 0.9% were Buddhist and 4.1% had other religions.

Of those at least 15 years old, 2,346 (14.0%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 3,885 (23.2%) people had no formal qualifications. 1,857 people (11.1%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 8,463 (50.5%) people were employed full-time, 1,833 (10.9%) were part-time, and 1,119 (6.7%) were unemployed.[60]

Most of Papakura is residential, with a commercial area on the western side. The area southeast of Papakura is almost entirely industrial.

More information Name, Area (km2) ...

Education

Papakura High School is a secondary school (years 9–13) with a roll of 1,054.[69] The school was established in 1954.[70] In 2020, Māori students were 59% of the roll and Pacific Islands students were 29%.[71] Papakura Intermediate is an intermediate school (years 7–8) with a roll of 232.[72] The school opened in 1962. From 2000 to 2017 it was called Mansell Senior School.[73] In 2018, Māori students were 74% of the roll and Pacific Islands students were 22%.[74]

Papakura Normal School and Edmund Hillary School are full primary schools (years 1–8) with rolls of 715 and 202 students, respectively.[75][76] Papakura Normal opened as Papakura North School in 1953, and changed to its current name when it affiliated to Ardmore Teachers College in 1958.[77] Edmund Hillary opened in 1963. Its name pays tribute to the mountaineer.[78]

Papakura Central School, Kelvin Road School and Cosgrove School are contributing primary schools (years 1–6) with rolls of 376, 400 and 518 students, respectively.[79][80][81] Papakura Central traces its origins back to 1876.[82] Kelvin Road opened in 1968.[83] Cosgrove opened in 1959.[84]

All these schools are coeducational. Rolls are as of February 2024.[85]

Local government

Map of the Town District of Papakura in 1882

Road boards were the first local government in South Auckland in the 1860s, which were established across the Auckland Province due to a lack of central government funding for road improvements.[86] The Hunua Highway Board was established in 1867, and in 1886 Papakura became a part of the Opaheke North Road Board.[87]

In 1876, the Manukau County was established as the local government for South Auckland.[88] In 1881, the Town District Act allowed communities of more than 50 households to amalgamate into a town district. Large town districts were able to form boroughs, which had their own councils and a greater lending power.[89] On 17 August 1882, Papakura became a town district within the Manukau County.[43] On 1 April 1938, Papakura had grown in population enough that the town became independent from the Manukau County, becoming Papakura Borough.[86][49]

In the early 1960s, a movement began to amalgamate the various town and borough councils in South Auckland into a single city,[90] which became known as the Manukau City. Papakura did not become a part of this amalgamation. On 1 January 1975, growth in the area led the Borough of Papakura to become Papakura City.[91][59] With the local government reforms in 1989, Papakura City was dissolved, becoming Papakura District.[92]

On 1 November 2010, the local government authorities of the Auckland Region were merged with the surrounding areas of Auckland to form a single local government area, managed by the Auckland Council as a unitary authority.[93] The Papakura Local Board was established as a part of these reforms, which administers the Papakura local board area, an area with similar boundaries as the former Papakura District. Papakura is a part of the Manurewa-Papakura ward, an area that elects two councillors to the Auckland Council.

Mayors of Papakura

George Hawkins served as the last Mayor of Papakura City from 1983–1989, and the first Mayor of Papakura District from 1989–1992
Main article: Mayor of Papakura

Papakura has had 10 people serve as mayor between 1938 and 2010, variously as the Mayor of Papakura Borough, Mayor of Papakura City and Mayor of Papakura District.[94]

Papakura Borough Council

  • 1938–1947 Samuel Evans
  • 1947–1953 Edward ('Ted') A. J. Busing
  • 1953–1966 Isaac ('Ike') Grundy Mack
  • 1966–1975 Archibald J. Campbell

Papakura City Council

  • 1975–1977 Archibald J. Campbell
  • 1977–1983 Jack Farrell
  • 1983–1989 George Hawkins

Papakura District Council

Facilities

Government

In addition to the Local Council Chambers, Papakura is served by a large police station (one of Auckland's busiest), a District Court, and a WINZ office. In the Pitcairn sexual assault trial of 2004, the Papakura Courthouse was where the Pitcairn Supreme Court sat to hear the case.

Armed forces

Papakura once served a large military population, but now only the SAS special forces are based at Papakura.[95] Nearby houses were originally Army Homes, but are now in private hands. The army base was made much smaller in the 2010s and become a residential area for a large number of modern houses, both detached and terraced. The subdivision is called McLennan Housing Development next to McLennan Park, home of Papakura Football Club. McLennan being the name of the farming brothers that first settled in the area from Scotland.[96]

Transport

Overview of Papakura railway station, viewed from Clevedon Road

State Highway 1 and the North Island Main Trunk railway run through the Papakura District. State Highway 1 ran down Great South Road through central Papakura until 1965, when it was bypassed by the Auckland Southern Motorway.[97] In 2021, the Southern Path, a cycling and walking path linking Takanini to Karaka adjacent to the Southern Motorway was opened.[98]

Public transport is provided by train and bus services, with frequent trains on the Southern Line between Papakura and the Auckland City Centre (Waitematā). Recent investment has focused on upgrading and refurbishing the region's trains and suburban railway stations, most recently with the opening of a modern station facility at the town centre. Papakura is the final stop for most southbound public transport in Auckland, and Papakura is the third busiest station on the rail network. Drawn by frequent services into and out of the city, rail commuters come from Papakura itself, Franklin and the northern Waikato. Though the motorway and Great South Road flow relatively freely at peak times, road commuters are affected by the acute traffic congestion as they get closer to metropolitan Auckland.

Since 2021, Papakura has been a stop for the Te Huia regional train service between Hamilton and Auckland.[99]

Sport and recreation

Some notable sports facilities include an indoor-outdoor swimming pool, an international-quality athletics track, a sports stadium, and venues for rugby, netball, cricket, golf, tennis, badminton, soccer, and many other sports. The council also operates a library and a theatre. Papakura also has a number of skate parks, and a skate bowl.

Papakura is home to association football club Papakura City, who compete in the Lotto Sport Italia NRFL Division 2, rugby union club Papakura RFC who are members of the Counties Manukau Rugby Union, rugby league club Papakura Sea Eagles, who compete in the Auckland Rugby League's Fox Memorial competition (division 1), and Papakura Cricket Club who compete in the Counties Manukau Cricket Association competition. Papakura and the surrounding area is represented by the Counties Manukau Steelers in first-class rugby union and Northern Districts in first-class cricket.

Museum

The Papakura Museum showcases the area's local history.[100][101] It opened in 1972.[102]

Notable features

The Selwyn Chapel ca. 1908
Unity, a 2001 sculpture by John Tohia in Papakura
  • Accent Point Building, which houses the Papakura Museum, Sir Edmund Hillary Library and Elim Christian Centre.
  • Christ Church (Anglican)[103] established in 1862 with Selwyn Chapel.
  • Cumulus Pavilion (2009), a sculpture and outdoor stage by artist Sara Hughes in Central Park, Papakura[104]
  • Kirks Bush, an area of remnant native forest.[3]
  • Papakura-Karaka War Memorial, a World War I memorial statue dedicated to fallen soldiers of the Papakura and Karaka areas[29]
  • Papakura Military Camp, army base established in 1939
  • Prince Edward Park, a sports venue in Papakura
  • Unity, a 2001 sculpture in the Papakura town centre, created by John Tohia and Papakura youth[105]

Notable people

Main category: People from Papakura

References

  1. [1]
    "ArcGIS Web Application". statsnz.maps.arcgis.com. Retrieved 19 August 2022.
  2. [2]
    "Population estimate tables - NZ.Stat". Statistics New Zealand. Retrieved 25 October 2023.
  3. [3]
    Papakura Local Board (February 2022). Te Rautaki Whakamaarama moo ngaa Waahi Tuku Iho Heritage Interpretation Strategy (PDF) (Report). Auckland Council. Retrieved 23 February 2024.
  4. [4]
    "1000 Māori place names". New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage. 6 August 2019.
  5. [5]
    Simmons, D. R. (1979). "George Graham's Maori Place Names of Auckland". Records of the Auckland Institute and Museum. 16: 11–39. ISSN 0067-0464. JSTOR 42906272. Wikidata Q58677091.
  6. [6]
    "Place name detail: Papakura". New Zealand Gazetteer. New Zealand Geographic Board. Retrieved 23 February 2024.
  7. [7]
    Smith 2016, pp. 5.
  8. [8]
    Ngati Te Ata (Waiohua) Cultural Values Assessment Report: Auckland Metro Rail Programme – Papakura to Pukekohe Electrification (P2P) (PDF) (Report). Environmental Protection Authority. February 2021. Retrieved 21 July 2022.
  9. [9]
    Cameron, Ewen; Hayward, Bruce; Murdoch, Graeme (2008). A Field Guide to Auckland: Exploring the Region's Natural and Historical Heritage (Revised ed.). Random House New Zealand. p. 266. ISBN 978-1-86962-1513.
  10. [10]
    Pishief, Elizabeth; Shirley, Brendan (August 2015). "Waikōwhai Coast Heritage Study" (PDF). Auckland Council. Retrieved 14 February 2023.
  11. [11]
    Russell, Alexia (30 July 2019). "The Detail: Why Ihumātao has opened up rifts among Māori". Stuff. Archived from the original on 29 July 2019. Retrieved 30 July 2019.
  12. [12]
    Mackintosh 2021, pp. 28.
  13. [13]
    Trilford, Danielle (28 November 2017). "Archaeological investigations of site R11/2125, 63 Kiwi Esplanade, Mangere Bridge (HNZPTA authority 2018/046)" (PDF). CFG Heritage. Retrieved 21 October 2021.
  14. [14]
    Furey, Louise (1986). "The Excavation of Westfield (R11/898), South Auckland". Records of the Auckland Institute and Museum. 23: 1–24. ISSN 0067-0464. JSTOR 42906356. Wikidata Q58677261.
  15. [15]
    Taonui, Rāwiri (8 February 2005). "The tribes of Tāmaki". Te Ara. Retrieved 17 March 2021.
  16. [16]
    Hooker, Brian (September 1997). "Portages of early Auckland - to and from the Waitemata Harbour: The hub of an ancient communications network". Auckland-Waikato Historical Journal (70): 39–40. Retrieved 21 July 2022.
  17. [17]
    Green, Nathew (2011). "From Hawaīki to Howick – A Ngāi Tai History". Grey's Folly: A History of Howick, Pakuranga, Bucklands-Eastern Beaches, East Tamaki, Whitford, Beachlands and Maraetai. By La Roche, Alan. Auckland: Tui Vale Productions. pp. 16–33. ISBN 978-0-473-18547-3. OCLC 1135039710.
  18. [18]
    Heritage Department of the Auckland Regional Council. "Duder Regional Park - Our History" (PDF). Auckland Council. Retrieved 30 August 2021.
  19. [19]
    Pishief, Dr Elizabeth; Adam, John (2015). "Te Tātua a Riukiuta Three Kings Heritage Study" (PDF). Auckland Council. Retrieved 28 June 2021.
  20. [20]
    Ngāti Whātua Ōrākei; Truttman, Lisa (2009). "Balmoral & Sandringham Heritage Walks" (PDF). Auckland Council. Retrieved 1 September 2021.
  21. [21]
    Patterson, Malcolm (21 March 2008). "Ngati Whatua o Orakei Heritage Report for State Highway 20; Transit Manukau Harbour Crossing" (PDF). Environmental Protection Authority. Retrieved 21 October 2021.
  22. [22]
    "ca 1765". Manukau's Journey. Auckland Libraries. Retrieved 30 March 2023.
  23. [23]
    Mackintosh 2021, pp. 93.
  24. [24]
    Mackintosh 2021, pp. 86–87.
  25. [25]
    Te Ākitai Waiohua; Te Ākitai Waiohua Settlement Trust; The Crown (12 November 2021). Deed of Settlement of Historical Claims (PDF) (Report). New Zealand Government. Retrieved 23 February 2024.
  26. [26]
    Te Ākitai Waiohua; Te Ākitai Waiohua Settlement Trust; The Crown (12 November 2021). Deed of Settlement Schedule: Documents (PDF) (Report). New Zealand Government. Retrieved 23 February 2024.
  27. [27]
    "Papakura Boar Hunt". Auckland Chronicle and New Zealand Colonist. Vol. 2, no. 54. 14 August 1844. p. 3 – via Papers Past.
  28. [28]
    "The Native Land Question". New Zealand Herald. Vol. XIII, no. 4567. 4 July 1876. p. 2 (supplement) – via Papers Past.
  29. [29]
    Auckland Council Heritage Unit (March 2017). Historic Heritage Evaluation: Papakura-Karaka War Memorial (PDF) (Report). Auckland Council. Retrieved 23 February 2024.
  30. [30]
    "August 1848". Manukau's Journey. Auckland Libraries. MJ_0177. Retrieved 23 February 2024.
  31. [31]
    Smith 2016, pp. 6.
  32. [32]
    O'Malley, Vincent (6 December 2016). "'The great war for NZ broke out less than 50 km from Queen St': Vincent O'Malley on the Waikato War and the making of Auckland". The Spinoff. Retrieved 30 March 2023.
  33. [33]
    "War in Waikato". nzhistory.govt.nz. New Zealand History. Retrieved 21 July 2020.
  34. [34]
    Smith 2016, pp. 12.
  35. [35]
    "History of the Ambury Area - Auckland Regional Council Ambury Regional Park Management Plan 1994" (PDF). Auckland Council. 1994. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 July 2012. Retrieved 6 July 2021.
  36. [36]
    Campbell, Matthew; Harris, Jaden; Maguire, Wesley; Hawkins, Stuart (10 October 2013). "The Tawhiao Cottage" (PDF). CFG Heritage. Retrieved 21 October 2021.
  37. [37]
    Mackintosh 2021, pp. 106.
  38. [38]
    Mackintosh 2021, pp. 100–101, 106–107.
  39. [39]
    Auckland Council Heritage Unit (2014). "Papatoetoe Historic Heritage Survey: Survey Report" (PDF). Auckland Council. Retrieved 28 April 2023.
  40. [40]
    Gibb, Russell (1 September 2015). "Archaeological Assessment of Self Farm / Crater Hill, Papatoetoe, Auckland". Geometria Limited. Retrieved 16 May 2022.
  41. [41]
    Smith 2016, pp. 13–14, 250–254.
  42. [42]
    Smith 2016, pp. 252.
  43. [43]
    Smith 2016, pp. 8.
  44. [44]
    Smith 2016, pp. 253–254.
  45. [45]
    Hayward, Bruce W. (1989). Kauri Gum and the Gumdiggers. The Bush Press. pp. 4–5, 44. ISBN 0-908608-39-X.
  46. [46]
    "New Zealand's first controlled powered flight". nzhistory.govt.nz. New Zealand History. Retrieved 21 July 2020.
  47. [47]
    Smith 2016, pp. 62–64.
  48. [48]
    Smith 2016, pp. 125.
  49. [49]
    Smith 2016, pp. 10.
  50. [50]
    "17. – Auckland places – Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand". Teara.govt.nz. 1 July 2015. Retrieved 22 February 2016.
  51. [51]
    "Our History". Archived from the original on 24 February 2012. Retrieved 12 April 2013.
  52. [52]
    He hītori mō te hanga ā-tāone o Tāmaki Makaurau: A brief history of Auckland's urban form (PDF) (Report). Auckland Council. December 2019. Retrieved 5 May 2023.
  53. [53]
    "15 February 1955". Manukau's Journey. Auckland Libraries. MJ_3348. Retrieved 23 February 2024.
  54. [54]
    "20 May 1965". Manukau's Journey. Auckland Libraries. MJ_4053. Retrieved 23 February 2024.
  55. [55]
    "March 1958". Manukau's Journey. Auckland Libraries. MJ_3600. Retrieved 23 February 2024.
  56. [56]
    "11 October 1965". Manukau's Journey. Auckland Libraries. MJ_4033. Retrieved 23 February 2024.
  57. [57]
    "Heart for his community". Stuff. 31 January 2009. Retrieved 23 February 2024.
  58. [58]
    "12 November 1968". Manukau's Journey. Auckland Libraries. MJ_4292. Retrieved 23 February 2024.
  59. [59]
    "1 January 1975". Manukau's Journey. Auckland Libraries. MJ_4828. Retrieved 23 February 2024.
  60. [60]
    "Statistical area 1 dataset for 2018 Census". Statistics New Zealand. March 2020. Papakura West (162800), Papakura North (163000), Papakura Central (163200), Papakura North East (163300), Papakura Kelvin (163500), Papakura Massey Park (163600), Papakura East (163900) and Papakura Industrial (164100).
  61. [61]
    2018 Census place summary: Papakura West
  62. [62]
    2018 Census place summary: Papakura North
  63. [63]
    2018 Census place summary: Papakura Central
  64. [64]
    2018 Census place summary: Papakura North East
  65. [65]
    2018 Census place summary: Papakura Kelvin
  66. [66]
    2018 Census place summary: Papakura Massey Park
  67. [67]
    2018 Census place summary: Papakura East
  68. [68]
    2018 Census place summary: Papakura Industrial
  69. [69]
    Education Counts: Papakura High School
  70. [70]
    "About Papakura High School". Papakura High School. Retrieved 21 September 2020.
  71. [71]
    "Papakura High School - 03/02/2020". Education Review Office. 3 February 2020.
  72. [72]
    Education Counts: Papakura Intermediatel
  73. [73]
    "Our Journey". Papakura Intermediate. Retrieved 21 September 2020.
  74. [74]
    "Papakura Intermediate - 09/03/2018". Education Review Office. 9 March 2018.
  75. [75]
    Education Counts: Papakura Normal School
  76. [76]
    Education Counts: Edmund Hillary School
  77. [77]
    "Welcome". Papakura Normal School. Retrieved 21 September 2020.
  78. [78]
    "Our History". Edmund Hillary School. Retrieved 21 September 2020.
  79. [79]
    Education Counts: Papakura Central School
  80. [80]
    Education Counts: Kelvin Road School
  81. [81]
    Education Counts: Cosgrove School
  82. [82]
    "The History of Papakura Central School". Papakura Central School. Retrieved 21 September 2020.
  83. [83]
    "50 Year Jubilee Celebrations". Kelvin Road School. 27 October 2018.
  84. [84]
    "Cosgrove Primary School". Cosgrove School. Retrieved 21 September 2020.
  85. [85]
    "New Zealand Schools Directory". New Zealand Ministry of Education. Retrieved 14 March 2024.
  86. [86]
    "Previous Local Government Agencies". Auckland Council. Archived from the original on 28 January 2022. Retrieved 4 November 2021.
  87. [87]
    Ringer, Bruce (December 2009). Manukau, Papakura and Franklin Archives (PDF) (Report). Auckland Council. Retrieved 23 February 2024.
  88. [88]
    Bloomfield 1973, pp. 56–57.
  89. [89]
    Reidy, Jade (2009). "How the West Was Run". In Macdonald, Finlay; Kerr, Ruth (eds.). West: The History of Waitakere. Random House. p. 238. ISBN 9781869790080.
  90. [90]
    "Request For City Status". The Press. Vol. CI, no. 29925. 12 September 1962. p. 7 – via Papers Past.
  91. [91]
    Bloomfield 1973, pp. 108–116.
  92. [92]
    McClure, Margaret (1 August 2016). "Auckland region - Government, education and health". Te Ara. Retrieved 4 November 2021.
  93. [93]
    Blakeley, Roger (2015). "The planning framework for Auckland 'super city': an insider's view". Policy Quarterly. 11 (4). doi:10.26686/pq.v11i4.4572. ISSN 2324-1101.
  94. [94]
    "Timeline of Auckland Mayors: An Online Exhibition". Auckland Council Archives. Archived from the original on 10 January 2022. Retrieved 6 December 2023.
  95. [95]
    "Forces and Locations". New Zealand Defence Force. Retrieved 19 August 2006.
  96. [96]
    "About | McLennan". mclennan.co.nz. Retrieved 30 August 2021.
  97. [97]
    "Auckland Motorways 2008" (PDF). New Zealand Transport Agency. Retrieved 3 February 2017.
  98. [98]
    "Active: Southern Path's picturesque harbour views". New Zealand Construction News. 28 July 2021. Retrieved 22 September 2022.
  99. [99]
    "'Standing room only': Te Huia 'jam-packed' on first Saturday service, would-be passengers left behind". Newshub. Archived from the original on 18 April 2021. Retrieved 18 April 2021.
  100. [100]
    "Papakura Museum". Papakura Museum.
  101. [101]
    "Papakura Museum on NZ Museums". nzmuseums.co.nz. Te Papa.
  102. [102]
    Deeming, Wendy (August 2022). Papakura Museum: 50 Years. Papakura and Districts Historical Society.
  103. [103]
    "Old All Saints Church (Anglican)". New Zealand Heritage List/Rārangi Kōrero. Heritage New Zealand. Retrieved 27 January 2021.
  104. [104]
    "Cumulus Pavilion". Auckland Public Art. Retrieved 23 February 2024.
  105. [105]
    Thompson, Wayne (13 July 2001). "Taggers turn talents to art". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 23 February 2024.

Bibliography

Further reading

  • Clarke, Ernest (1993). Papakura: Town Growing Up (2nd ed.). Papakura: Papakura and Districts Historical Society. ISBN 0-473-02119-6.
  • Craig, E. W. G. (1982). Breakwater Against the Tide: a History of Papakura City and Districts. Papakura: Papakura and Districts Historical Society. ISBN 9780908596171.
Share this article:

This article uses material from the Wikipedia article Papakura, and is written by contributors. Text is available under a CC BY-SA 4.0 International License; additional terms may apply. Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.