In geometry, parallel transport (or parallel translation^{[lower-alpha 1]}) is a way of transporting geometrical data along smooth curves in a manifold. If the manifold is equipped with an affine connection (a covariant derivative or connection on the tangent bundle), then this connection allows one to transport vectors of the manifold along curves so that they stay parallel with respect to the connection.

The parallel transport for a connection thus supplies a way of, in some sense, moving the local geometry of a manifold along a curve: that is, of connecting the geometries of nearby points. There may be many notions of parallel transport available, but a specification of one — one way of connecting up the geometries of points on a curve — is tantamount to providing a connection. In fact, the usual notion of connection is the infinitesimal analog of parallel transport. Or, vice versa, parallel transport is the local realization of a connection.

As parallel transport supplies a local realization of the connection, it also supplies a local realization of the curvature known as holonomy. The Ambrose–Singer theorem makes explicit this relationship between the curvature and holonomy.

Other notions of connection come equipped with their own parallel transportation systems as well. For instance, a Koszul connection in a vector bundle also allows for the parallel transport of vectors in much the same way as with a covariant derivative. An Ehresmann or Cartan connection supplies a lifting of curves from the manifold to the total space of a principal bundle. Such curve lifting may sometimes be thought of as the parallel transport of reference frames.

Let M be a smooth manifold. Let E → M be a vector bundle with connection ∇ and γ: I → M a smooth curve parameterized by an open interval I. A section ${\displaystyle X}$ of ${\displaystyle E}$ along γ is called parallel if

${\displaystyle \nabla _{{\dot {\gamma }}(t)}X=0{\text{ for }}t\in I.\,}$

By example, if ${\displaystyle E}$ is a tangent bundle of a manifold whereby ${\displaystyle X}$ is a tangent vector field, this expression means that, for every ${\displaystyle t}$ in the interval, tangent vectors in ${\displaystyle X}$ are "constant" (the derivative vanishes) when an infinitesimal displacement from ${\displaystyle \gamma (t)}$ in the direction of the tangent vector ${\displaystyle {\dot {\gamma }}(t)}$ is done.

Suppose we are given an element e₀ ∈ E_P at P = γ(0) ∈ M, rather than a section. The parallel transport of e₀ along γ is the extension of e₀ to a parallel section X on γ. More precisely, X is the unique part of E along γ such that

1. ${\displaystyle \nabla _{\dot {\gamma }}X=0}$
2. ${\displaystyle X_{\gamma (0)}=e_{0}.}$

Note that in any given coordinate patch, (1) defines an ordinary differential equation, with the initial condition given by (2). Thus the Picard–Lindelöf theorem guarantees the existence and uniqueness of the solution.

Thus the connection ∇ defines a way of moving elements of the fibers along a curve, and this provides linear isomorphisms between the fibers at points along the curve:

${\displaystyle \Gamma (\gamma )_{s}^{t}:E_{\gamma (s)}\rightarrow E_{\gamma (t)}}$

from the vector space lying over γ(s) to that over γ(t). This isomorphism is known as the parallel transport map associated to the curve. The isomorphisms between fibers obtained in this way will, in general, depend on the choice of the curve: if they do not, then parallel transport along every curve can be used to define parallel sections of E over all of M. This is only possible if the curvature of ∇ is zero.

In particular, parallel transport around a closed curve starting at a point x defines an automorphism of the tangent space at x which is not necessarily trivial. The parallel transport automorphisms defined by all closed curves based at x form a transformation group called the holonomy group of ∇ at x. There is a close relation between this group and the value of the curvature of ∇ at x; this is the content of the Ambrose–Singer holonomy theorem.

In (pseudo) Riemannian geometry, a metric connection is any connection whose parallel transport mappings preserve the metric tensor. Thus a metric connection is any connection Γ such that, for any two vectors X, Y ∈ T_γ(s)

${\displaystyle \langle \Gamma (\gamma )_{s}^{t}X,\Gamma (\gamma )_{s}^{t}Y\rangle _{\gamma (t)}=\langle X,Y\rangle _{\gamma (s)}.}$

Taking the derivative at t = 0, the associated differential operator ∇ must satisfy a product rule with respect to the metric:

${\displaystyle Z\langle X,Y\rangle =\langle \nabla _{Z}X,Y\rangle +\langle X,\nabla _{Z}Y\rangle .}$

The parallel transport can be defined in greater generality for other types of connections, not just those defined in a vector bundle. One generalization is for principal connections (Kobayashi & Nomizu 1996, Volume 1, Chapter II). Let P → M be a principal bundle over a manifold M with structure Lie group G and a principal connection ω. As in the case of vector bundles, a principal connection ω on P defines, for each curve γ in M, a mapping

${\displaystyle \Gamma (\gamma )_{s}^{t}:P_{\gamma (s)}\rightarrow P_{\gamma (t)}}$

from the fibre over γ(s) to that over γ(t), which is an isomorphism of homogeneous spaces: i.e. ${\displaystyle \Gamma _{\gamma (s)}gu=g\Gamma _{\gamma (s)}}$ for each g∈G.

Further generalizations of parallel transport are also possible. In the context of Ehresmann connections, where the connection depends on a special notion of "horizontal lifting" of tangent spaces, one can define parallel transport via horizontal lifts. Cartan connections are Ehresmann connections with additional structure which allows the parallel transport to be thought of as a map "rolling" a certain model space along a curve in the manifold. This rolling is called development.

Parallel transport can be discretely approximated by Schild's ladder, which takes finite steps along a curve, and approximates Levi-Civita parallelogramoids by approximate parallelograms.

• Basic introduction to the mathematics of curved spacetime
• Connection (mathematics)
• Development (differential geometry)
• Affine connection
• Covariant derivative
• Geodesic (general relativity)
• Geometric phase
• Lie derivative
• Schild's ladder
• Levi-Civita parallelogramoid
• parallel curve, similarly named, but different notion