Persian_Emperor

List of monarchs of Persia

Rulers of Iran and imperial areas from ancient times

"Persian King" redirects here. For the racehorse, see Persian King (horse).

This article lists the monarchs of Iran (Persia) from the establishment of the Medes around 678 BC until the deposition of the Pahlavi dynasty in 1979.

Quick Facts Shah (King) of Iran (Persia), Details ...

Shah (King) of Iran (Persia)
Lion and Sun Emblem of Imperial Persia/Iran

Last to reign Mohammad Reza Pahlavi 16 September 1941 – 11 February 1979


Details
Style	Shah Shahanshah
First monarch	Deioces 705–647 BC (first known ruler) Cyrus the Great 559–530 BC (Emperor of the first unified Persian Empire)
Last monarch	Mohammad Reza Pahlavi 1941–1979 (as Shah of Iran)
Formation	671 BC
Abolition	11 February 1979
Residence	Apadana Tachara Palace of Darius Palace of Ardashir Taq Kasra Ālī Qāpū Palace Hasht Behesht Golestan Palace Sa'dabad Palace Niavaran Palace
Appointer	Hereditary
Pretender(s)	Reza Pahlavi

Median Dynasty (671–549 BC)

Main article: Median dynasty

More information Portrait, Name ...

Portrait	Name	Family relations	Reign	Notes
Median Kingdom (671 BC–549 BC)
	Deioces		700–647 BC	First known ruler of Media
	Phraortes	Son of Deioces	647–625 BC
Scythian rule (624–597 BC)
	Cyaxares	Son of Phraortes	624–585 BC	The dynasty of the Median kings was known as the Cyaxarid dynasty, named after him or a pre-Deicoes king.^[1]
	Astyages	Son of Cyaxares	585–549 BC	Last king of the Medes

Teispid Kingdom (c.705–559 BC)

Main articles: Teispids and Anshan (Persia)

More information Portrait, Name ...

Portrait	Name	Family relations	Reign
Teispid dynasty (c.705–559 BC)
	Teispes	~640 BC
	Cyrus I	Son of Teispes	c.580 BC
	Cambyses I	Son of Cyrus I and father of Cyrus II	≈550 BC

Achaemenid Empire (559–334/327 BC)

The Achaemenid Empire at its greatest extent

Main articles: Achaemenid Empire and Achaemenid dynasty

More information Portrait, Titles ...

Portrait	Titles	Regnal name	Personal name	Birth	Family relations	Reign	Death	Notes
Achaemenid dynasty (559–334/327 BC)
	The Great King, King of Kings, King of Anshan, King of Media, King of Babylon, King of Sumer and Akkad, King of the Four Corners of the World	Cyrus the Great	–	600 BC	Son of Cambyses I king of Anshan and Mandana daughter of Astyages	559–530 BC	530 BC	King of Anshan from 559 BC.
	The Great King, King of Kings, Pharaoh of Egypt^	Cambyses II	–	?	Son of Cyrus the Great	530–522 BC	522 BC	Died while en route to put down a rebellion. Pharaonic titulary: Horus: Smatawy, Nswbty: Mesutire^[2]
	The Great King, King of Kings, Pharaoh of Egypt	Gaumata	Gaumata (?)	?	Son of Cyrus the Great (possibly an imposter claiming to be Bardiya)	522 BC	522 BC	Killed by Persian aristocrats
	The Great King, King of Kings, Pharaoh of Egypt	Darius the Great	–	550 BC	Son of Hystaspes	522–486 BC	486 BC	Pharaonic titulary: Horus: Menkhib Nswbty: Stutre^[3]
	The Great King, King of Kings, Pharaoh of Egypt	Xerxes the Great	–	519 BC	Son of Darius I	485–465 BC	465 BC	Typically assumed to be the King Ahaseurus of the Book of Esther based on name
	The Great King, King of Kings, Pharaoh of Egypt	Artaxerxes I	Arses	?	Son of Xerxes I	465–424 BC	424 BC
	The Great King, King of Kings, Pharaoh of Egypt	Xerxes II	Artaxerxes	?	Son of Artaxerxes I	424 BC	424 BC	Only recognised in Persia itself, killed by Sogdianus
	The Great King, King of Kings, Pharaoh of Egypt	?	Sogdianus	?	Son of Artaxerxes I	424–423 BC	423 BC	Only recognised in Persia and Elam, killed by Darius II
	The Great King, King of Kings, Pharaoh of Egypt	Darius II	Ochus	?	Son of Artaxerxes I	424–404 BC	404 BC
	The Great King, King of Kings	Artaxerxes II	Arsaces	?	Son of Darius II	404–358 BC	358 BC	The King Ahasuerus of the Book of Esther according to traditional sources^[4]
	The Great King, King of Kings, Pharaoh of Egypt	Artaxerxes III	Ochus	?	Son of Artaxerxes II	358–338 BC	338 BC	Killed
	The Great King, King of Kings, Pharaoh of Egypt	Artaxerxes IV	Arses	?	Son of Artaxerxes III	338–336 BC	336 BC	Killed
	The Great King, King of Kings, Pharaoh of Egypt	Darius III	Artashata	380 BC	Son of Arsames son of Ostanes son of Darius II	336–330 BC	330 BC	Killed by Artaxerxes V
	The Great King, King of Kings	Artaxerxes V	Bessus	?	Probably a descendant of Darius II	330–329 BC	329 BC	Killed by Alexander III

Note: Ancient Persia is generally agreed to have ended with the collapse of the Achaemenid dynasty as a result of the Wars of Alexander the Great.

Macedonian Empire (336–306 BC)

The Macedonian Empire at its greatest extent

Main article: Macedonian Empire

More information Portrait, Title ...

Portrait	Title	Name	Birth	Family relations	Reign	Death	Notes
Argead dynasty (336–306 BC)
	King	Alexander the Great	356 BC	Son of Philip II of Macedonia	336–323 BC	13 June 323 BC	King of Macedonia from 336 BC as Alexander III. One of the greatest conquerors in history. Died mysteriously.
	King	Philip III	c. 359 BC	Son of Philip II of Macedonia	June 323– 317 BC	317 BC	Killed by Olympias
	King	Alexander IV	Sept. 323 BC	Son of Alexander III	Sept. 323–309 BC	309 BC	King of Macedonia as Alexander IV until 309 BC. Killed by Cassander son of Antipater
	Regent	Perdiccas	?		June 323–321 BC	321 BC	Regent for Alexander IV & Philip III, Prince of Orestis
	Regent	Antipater	398 BC	Son of Iollas	321–319 BC	319 BC	Regent for Alexander IV & Philip III
	Regent	Polyperchon	394 BC	Son of Simmias	319–316 BC	303 BC	Regent for Alexander IV & Philip III. Exercised no actual power in Persia.
	Regent	Cassander	c. 350 BC	Son of Antipater	316–309 BC	297 BC	Regent for and murderer of Alexander IV. Exercised no actual power in Persia.

Seleucid Empire (311–129 BC)

The Seleucid Empire at its greatest extent

Main articles: Seleucid Empire and Seleucid dynasty

More information Portrait, Title ...

Portrait	Title	Regnal name	Personal name	Birth	Family relations	Reign	Death	Notes
Seleucid dynasty (311–129 BC)
	King	Seleucus I Nicator	–	c. 358 BC	Son of Antiochus son of Seleucus	311–281 BC	281 BC	Assumed title of "King" from 306 BC.
	King	Antiochus I Soter	–	?	Son of Seleucus I	281–261 BC	261 BC	Co-ruler from 291
	King	Antiochus II Theos	–	286 BC	Son of Antiochus I	261–246 BC	246 BC
	King	Seleucus II Callinicus	–	?	Son of Antiochus II	246–225 BC	225 BC
	King	Seleucus III Ceraunus	Alexander	c. 243 BC	Son of Seleucus II	225–223 BC	223 BC
	Great King	Antiochus III the Great	–	c. 241 BC	Son of Seleucus II	223–187 BC	187 BC
	King	Seleucus IV Philopator	–	?	Son of Antiochus III	187–175 BC	175 BC
	King	Antiochus IV Epiphanes	Mithridates	c. 215 BC	Son of Antiochus III	175–163 BC	163 BC	Killed in Elymais
	King	Antiochus V Eupator	–	c. 172 BC	Son of Antiochus IV	163–161 BC	161 BC
	King	Demetrius I Soter	–	185 BC	Son of Seleucus IV	161–150 BC	150 BC
	King	Alexander Balas	–	?	Purported son of Antiochus IV	150–146 BC	146 BC
	King	Demetrius II Nicator	–	?	Son of Demetrius I	146–139 BC	139 BC	Defeated and captured by Parthians. He married Rhodogune daughter of Mithridates I
	King	Antiochus VI Dionysus	–	148 BC	Son of Alexander III.	145–142 BC	138 BC	In competition with Demetrius II.
	King	Antiochus VII Sidetes	–	?	Son of Demetrius I	139–129 BC	129 BC	Killed in battle with Phraates II

Fratarakas

Main article: Frataraka

The Fratarakas appear to have been Governors of the Seleucid Empire.

More information Name, Date ...

Name		Date	Family Relations	Note
1	Bagadates/ Baydād (bgdt)	3rd century BC	Fratarakā dynasty – son of Baykard	Governor of the Seleucid Empire. Coin legend bgdt prtrk' zy 'lhy' ("Baydād, fratarakā of the gods") in Aramaic.
2	Ardakhshir I (rtḥštry)	mid-3rd century BC	Fratarakā dynasty	Governor of the Seleucid Empire
3	Vahbarz (whwbrz – called Oborzos in Polyenus 7.40)	mid-3rd century BC	Fratarakā dynasty	Governor of the Seleucid Empire
	Vadfradad II	c. 140 BC	Fratarakā dynasty	Governor of the Seleucid Empire. Transition period. Eagle emblem on top of stylized kyrbasia. Aramaic coin legend wtprdt [p]rtrk' zy 'ly' ("Vādfradād, frataraka of the gods").^[5]
6	'Unknown king I' (Syknlt?)	2nd half of 2nd century BC	?	Transition period. No inscription on coinage.

Kings of Persis

Main article: Kings of Persis

More information Name, Date ...

Name		Date	Family Relations	Note
7	Darayan I	2nd century BC (end)	?	Darev I and his successors were sub-kings of the Parthian Empire. Crescent emblem on top of stylized kyrbasia. Aramaic coin legend d’ryw mlk (𐡃‬𐡀𐡓𐡉‬𐡅‬ 𐡌𐡋‬𐡊‬, "King Darius").^[5]
8	Wadfradad III	1st century BC (1st half)	?	Sub-king of the Parthian Empire. Coin legend wtprdt mlk (𐡅‬𐡕‬𐡐‬𐡓‬𐡃‬𐡕 𐡌‬𐡋𐡊‬, "King Vadfradad") in Aramaic script.
9	Darev II	1st century BC	son of Vadfradad III	Sub-king of the Parthian Empire. Aramaic coin legend d’ryw mlk brh wtprdt mlk' ("King Darius, son of King Vadfradad").
10	Ardakhshir II	1st century BC (2nd half)	son of Darev II	Sub-king of the Parthian Empire. Killed by his brother Vahshir I
11	Vahšīr/ Vahshir I (Oxathres)	1st century BC (2nd half)	son of Darev II	Sub-king of the Parthian Empire
12	Pakor I	1st century AD (1st half)	son of Vahshir I	Sub-king of the Parthian Empire
13	Pakor II	1st century AD (1st half)	?	Sub-king of the Parthian Empire
14	Nambed	1st century AD (mid)	son of Ardashir II	Sub-king of the Parthian Empire
15	Napad	1st century AD (2nd half)	son of Nambed	Sub-king of the Parthian Empire
16	'Unknown king II'	1st century AD (end)	?	Sub-king of the Parthian Empire
17	Vadfradad IV	2nd century AD (1st half)	?	Sub-king of the Parthian Empire
18	Manchihr I	2nd century AD (1st half)	?	Sub-king of the Parthian Empire
19	Ardashir III	2nd century AD (1st half)	son of Manchihr I	Sub-king of the Parthian Empire
20	Manchihr II	2nd century AD (mid)	son of Ardashir III	Sub-king of the Parthian Empire
21	'Unknown king III'/ tentatively Pakor III^[6]	2nd century AD (2nd half)	?	Sub-king of the Parthian Empire
22	Manchihr III	2nd century AD (2nd half)	son of Manchihr II	Sub-king of the Parthian Empire
23	Ardashir IV	2nd century AD (end)	son of Manchihr III	Sub-king of the Parthian Empire
24	Vahshir II (Oxathres)	c. 206–210 AD	?	Sub-king of the Parthian Empire. The last of Bazarangids.
25	Shapur	3rd century AD (beg.)	Brother of the first Sasanian, Ardashir I	Sub-king of the Parthian Empire
26	Ardashir V (Sasanian dynasty Ardashir I)	3rd century AD (beg.)	First Sasanian ruler, under the name of Ardashir I	Sub-king of the Parthian Empire

Parthian Empire (247 BC – AD 228)

Main article: Parthian Empire

The Parthian Empire at its greatest extent

The Seleucid dynasty gradually lost control of Persia. In 253, the Arsacid dynasty established itself in Parthia. The Parthians gradually expanded their control, until by the mid-2nd century BC, the Seleucids had completely lost control of Persia. Control of eastern territories was permanently lost by Antiochus VII in 129 BC.

For more comprehensive lists of kings, queens, sub-kings and sub-queens of this Era see:

List of Parthian monarchs
List of rulers of Parthian sub-kingdoms

More information Portrait, Title ...

Portrait	Title	Regnal name	Personal name	Birth	Family relations	Reign	Death	Notes
Arsacid dynasty (247 BC – 228 AD)
	King, Karen, Autocrator	Arsaces I	Tiridates I or Arsaces	?	Son of Phriapites descendant of Arsaces son of Phriapatius who was probably son of Artaxerxes II	247–211 BC	211 BC
	?	Arsaces II	Artabanus I or Arsaces	?	Son of Arsaces I	211–185 BC^[7]	185 BC
	?	Arsaces III	Phriapatius	?	Grandson of Tiridates I	185–170 BC^[7]	170 BC
	?	Arsaces IV	Phraates I	?	Son of Phriapatius	170–167 BC^[8]	167 BC
	The Great King, Theos, Theopator, Philhellene	Arsaces V	Mithridates I	?	Son of Phriapatius	167^[8] −132 BC^[9]	132 BC
	The Great King, Philopator, Theopator, Nikephoros	Arsaces VI	Phraates II	?	Son of Mithridates I	132–127 BC^[9]	127 BC	Killed in battle with Scythians
	King	Arsaces VII	Artabanus II	?	Son of Phriapatius	127–126 BC^[9]	126 BC	Killed in battle with Tocharians
	The Great King, Theopator, Philadelphos, Philhellene, Epiphanes	Arsaces VIII	Vologases(?)^[9]	?	Son of Phriapatius	126–122 BC^[9]	122 BC	He was the first Arsacid king of Media, Arran and Iberia
	The Great King, King of kings, Epiphanes, Philhellene	Arsaces IX	Artabanus(?)^[9]	?	Son of Artabanus II	122–121 BC	121 BC	Killed in battle with Medians
	The Great King, The Great King of Kings, Epiphanes, Soter	Arsaces X	Mithridates II	?	Son of Artabanus II	121^[10]–91 BC	91 BC
	The Great King, Epiphanes, Philhellene, Euergetes, Autocrator	Arsaces XI	Gotarzes I	?	Son of Mithridates II	91–87 BC	87 BC
	The Great King, Theopator, Nicator	Arsaces XII	Artabanus(?)^[8]	?	Probably son of Arsaces VIII Vologases(?)	91–77? BC	77? BC
	The Great King, The Great King of Kings, Dikaios, Euergetes, Philhellene, Autocrator, Philopator, Epiphanes	Arsaces XIII	Mithridates^[9]	?	Probably son of Mithridates II	88–67 BC	67 BC
	The Great King, Euergetes, Epiphanes, Philhellene	Arsaces XIV	Orodes I	?	Probably son of Mithridates II	80–75 BC	75 BC
	The Great King, Theopator, Euergetes, Epiphanes, Philhellene	Arsaces XV	Sanatruces	157 BC	Probably son of Arsaces VIII Vologases(?)^[8]	77–70 BC	70 BC
	The Great King, Theopator, Euergetes, Epiphanes, Philhellene, Eusebes	Arsaces XVI^[8]	Arsaces(?) or Vardanes(?) or Vonones(?)	?	?	77–66 BC	66 BC	The most obscure major monarch of the first millennium BC. Nothing about him is currently known.
	The Great King, Theos, Euergetes, Epiphanes, Philhellene	Arsaces XVII	Phraates III	?	Son of Sanatruces	70–57 BC	57 BC	Killed by Orodes II
	The Great King, Philopator, Euergetes, Epiphanes, Philhellene	Arsaces XVIII^[8]	?	?	probably son of Arsaces XVI	66–63 BC	63 BC	The second most obscure monarch of the first millennium BC, nothing about him is known.
	The Great King, The Great King of Kings, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Theos, Eupator, Theopator, Philhellene	Arsaces XIX	Mithridates III	?	Son of Phraates III	65^[8] −54 BC	54 BC	Killed by Orodes II
	King of Kings, Philopator, Eupator, Euergetes, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene, Ktistes	Arsaces XX	Orodes II	?	Son of Phraates III	57–38 BC	38 BC	Killed by Phraates IV
	King of Kings, Euergetes, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene	Arsaces XXI	Pacorus I	?	Son of Orodes II	50–38 BC	38 BC	Killed in battle with Romans
	King of Kings, Euergetes, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene	Arsaces XXII	Phraates IV	?	Son of Orodes II	38–2 BC	2 BC	Killed by Musa
	King of Kings, Euergetes, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene, Autocrator, Philoromaeos	Arsaces XXIII	Tiridates II	?	Probably a descendant of Arsaces XIII Mithridates	30–25 BC	after 23 BC	Deposed and went to Rome
	?	Arsaces XXIV	Mithridates^[11]	?	Probably a descendant of Arsaces XIII Mithridates	12–9 BC	?
	Queen of Queens, Thea, Urania	Musa	Musa	?	Queen of Phraates IV	2 BC – 4 AD	4? AD
	King of Kings, Euergetes, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene	Arsaces XXV	Phraates V	?	Son of Phraates IV & Musa	2 BC – 4 AD	4 AD	Deposed and went to Rome
	King of Kings, Euergetes, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene	Arsaces XXVI	Orodes III	?	Probably a descendant of Arsaces XIII Mithridates	4–6	6	Killed by Parthian aristocrats
	The Great King, King of Kings, Euergetes, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene, Nikephorus	Arsaces XXVII	Vonones I	?	Son of Phraates IV	8–12	19	Deposed and went to Rome. Later, he was killed by Romans.
	King of Kings, Euergetes, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene	Arsaces XXVIII	Artabanus III	?	Probably a descendant of Arsaces XIII Mithridates	10–40	40
	?	Arsaces XXIX	Tiridates III	?	Probably a descendant of Tiridates II	35–36	?	Deposed and went to Rome
	?	Arsaces XXX	Cinnamus	?	Son of Artabanus III	37	?	Abdicated
	King of Kings, Euergetes, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene	Arsaces XXXI	Gotarzes II	11	Son of Artabanus III	40–51	51
	King of Kings, Euergetes, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene	Arsaces XXXII	Vardanes I	?	Son of Artabanus III	40–46	46	Killed by Gotarzes II
	King of Kings, Euergetes, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene	Arsaces XXXIII	Vonones II	?	Probably son of Artabanus III	c. 45–51	51
	?	Arsaces XXXIV	Mithridates^[12]	?	Son of Vonones I	49–50	?	Deposed and mutilated by Gotarzes II
	King of Kings, Euergetes, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene, The Lord	Arsaces XXXV	Vologases I	?	Son of Vonones II	51–77	77
	King of Kings, Euergetes, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene	Arsaces XXXVI	Vardanes II	?	Son of Vologases I	55–58	?	Deposed
	King of Kings, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene	Arsaces XXXVII	Vologases II	?	Probably the eldest son of Vologases I	77–89/90	?
	King of Kings, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene	Arsaces XXXVIII	Pacorus II	?	Probably the younger son of Vologases I	77–115	115
	King of Kings, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene	Arsaces XXXIX	Artabanus IV	?	Probably son of Vologases I or Artabanus III	80–81	?
	King of Kings, Euergetes, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene	Arsaces XL	Osroes I	?	brother of Pacorus II	89/90–130	130
	King of Kings, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene	Arsaces XLI	Vologases III	?	Probably son of Sanatruces I king of Armenia 89–109 who was brother of Osroes I	105–148	148	He was also king of Armenia as Vologases I
	King of Kings, Euergetes, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene	Arsaces XLII	Parthamaspates	?	Son of Osroes I	116–117	after 123	Deposed and went to Rome
	King of Kings, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene	Arsaces XLIII	Mithridates IV	?	Probably son of Osroes I	c. 130 – c. 145	c. 145
	King of Kings, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene	Arsaces XLIV^[13]	?	?	?	c. 140 – c. 140	c. 140
	King of Kings, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene	Arsaces XLV	Vologases IV	?	Son of Mithridates IV	148–191	191
	King of Kings, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene	Arsaces XLVI	Vologases V	?	Son of Vologases IV	191–208	208
	King of Kings, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene	Arsaces XLVII	Osroes II	?	Probably son of Vologases IV	c. 190 – c. 195	?
	King of Kings, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene	Arsaces XLVIII	Vologases VI	181	Son of Vologases V	208–228	228	Killed by Ardashir I
	King of Kings, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene	Arsaces XLIX	Artabanus V	?	Son of Vologases V	213–226	226	Killed by Ardashir I
	King of Kings, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene	Arsaces L	Tiridates IV^[14]	?	Son of Vologases IV	217–222	?	He was also king of Armenia

Sasanian Empire (224–651)

The Sasanian Empire at its greatest extent

Main articles: Sasanian Empire and Sasanian dynasty

More information Portrait, Title ...

Portrait	Title	Regnal name	Personal name	Birth	Family relations	Reign	Death	Notes
House of Sasan
	Shahanshah^[15]	Ardashir I	–	180	Son of Papak, who was son of Sasan	28 April 224 – February 242	February 242
	Shahanshah	Shapur I	–	215	Son of Ardashir I	12 April 240 – May 270	May 270
	Shahanshah, Wuzurg Armananshah^[16]	Hormizd I	Hormozd-Ardashir	?	Son of Shapur I	May 270 – June 271	June 271
	Shahanshah, Gilanshah	Bahram I	–	?	Son of Shapur I	June 271 – September 274	September 274
	Shahanshah	Bahram II	–	?	Son of Bahram I	September 274 – 293	293
	Shahanshah, Sakanshah	Bahram III	–	?	Son of Bahram II	293	293	Deposed
	Shahanshah, Wuzurg Armananshah	Narseh I	–	?	Son of Shapur I	293–302	302
	Shahanshah	Hormizd II	–	?	Son of Narseh I	302–309	309	Killed by Iranian aristocrats
	Shahanshah	Adhur Narseh	–	?	Son of Hormizd II	309	309	Killed by Iranian aristocrats
	Shahanshah, Dhū al-aktāf^[17]	Shapur II	–	309	Son of Hormizd II	309–379	379
	Shahanshah	Ardashir II	–	309/310	Son of Hormizd II	379–383	383
	Shahanshah	Shapur III	–	?	Son of Shapur II	383 – December 388	December 388	Killed by Iranian aristocrats
	Shahanshah, Kirmanshah	Bahram IV	–	?	Son of Shapur II	December 388 – 399	399
	Shahanshah	Yazdegerd I	–	363	Son of Shapur III	399 – 21 January 420	21 January 420	Killed by Iranian aristocrats
	Shahanshah	Bahram V	–	406	Son of Yazdegerd I	21 January 420 – 20 June 438	20 June 438
	Shahanshah	Yazdegerd II	–	?	Son of Bahram V	20 June 438 – 15 December 457	15 December 457
	Shahanshah	Hormizd III	–	399	Son of Yazdegerd II	457–459	459	Killed by Peroz I
	Shahanshah	Peroz I	–	459	Son of Yazdegerd II	459 – January 484	January 484	Killed in battle with Hephthalites
	Shahanshah	Balash	–	?	Son of Yazdegerd II	February 484 – 488	488
	Shahanshah	Kavadh I	–	449	Son of Peroz I	488–496	13 September 531	Deposed
	Shahanshah	Djamasp	–	?	Son of Peroz I	496–498	502	Deposed
	Shahanshah	Kavadh I	–	449	Son of Peroz I	498 – 13 September 531	13 September 531
	Shahanshah, Anushiravan, The Just	Khosrau I	–	500	Son of Kavadh I	13 September 531 – 31 January 579	31 January 579
	Shahanshah	Hormizd IV	–	540	Son of Khosrau I	31 January 579 – 5 September 590	5 September 590	Killed by Vistahm
	Shahanshah, Aparviz	Khosrau II	–	570	Son of Hormizd IV	September 590 – September 590	28 February 628	Deposed and went to Byzantine territory
House of Mihran
	Shahanshah, Chubineh	Bahram VI	Mehrbandak	?	Son of Bahram Gushnasp from House of Mihran	September – 590 January 591	591	Assassinated under the order of Khosrau II
House of Sasan
	Shahanshah, Aparviz, The Victorious	Khosrau II	–	570	Son of Hormizd IV	January 591 – 25 February 628	28 February 628	Executed by Mihr Hormozd under the orders of Kavadh II
House of Ispahbudhan
	Shahanshah	Vistahm	–	?	Son of Shapur from the House of Ispahbudhan. He was the uncle of Khosrau II and husband of Gorduya, sister of Bahram VI	591 – 596 or 600	596 or 600	Killed by his wife Gorduya or by his general Pariowk
House of Sasan
	Shahanshah	Kavadh II	Shiruyah	?	Son of Khosrau II	25 February 628 – 15 September 628	15 September 628	Died from plague
	Shahanshah	Ardashir III	–	621	Son of Kavadh II	15 September 628 – 27 April 630	27 April 629	Killed by Shahrbaraz
House of Mihran
	Shahanshah, Shahrvaraz	Shahrbaraz	–	?	Sasanian general from the House of Mihran	27 April 630 – 17 June 630	17 June 629	Killed by Farrokh Hormizd under the orders of Borandukht
House of Sasan
	Shahanshah	Khosrau III	–	?	Nephew of Khosrau II	630	630	Killed after a few days reign
	Shahbanu^[18]	Borandukht	–	590	Daughter of Khosrau II	630 (First reign) June 631 – June 632 (Second reign)	632	Deposed by Iranian aristocrats and replaced by Shapur-i Shahrvaraz Restored to the Sasanian throne, and later strangled to death by Piruz Khosrow
	Shahanshah	Shapur-i Shahrvaraz	–	?	Son of Shahrbaraz and an unknown sister of Khosrau II	630	?	Deposed by Iranian aristocrats and replaced by Azarmidokht
	Shahanshah	Peroz II	Gushnasp-Bandeh	?	Son of Mihran-Goshnasp & Chaharbakht who was daughter of Yazdandad son of Khosrau I.	630	630	Killed by Iranian aristocrats
	Shahbanu	Azarmidokht	–	?	Daughter of Khosrau II	630–631	631	Killed by Iranian aristocrats
	Shahanshah	Khosrau IV	Khurrazadh	?	Son of Khosrau II	631	631	Killed by Iranian aristocrats
House of Ispahbudhan
	Shahanshah	Farrokh Hormizd	–	?	Son of Sasanian general Vinduyih, the brother of Vistahm	630–631	631	Killed by Siyavakhsh under the orders of Azarmidokht
House of Sasan
	Shahanshah	Hormizd VI	–	?	Grandson of Khosrau II	630–631	631	Killed by Iranian aristocrats
	Shahanshah	Yazdegerd III	–	624	Son of Shahryar the son of Khosrau II	16 June 632–651	651	Killed by a miller

Note: Classical Persia is generally agreed to have ended with the collapse of the Sasanian Empire as a result of the Muslim conquest of Persia.

Dabuyid Kingdom (642–760)

Main article: Dabuyid dynasty

Dabuyids (c. 720)

A Zoroastrian Persian dynasty that held power in the north for over a century before finally falling to the Abbasid Caliphate.

More information Portrait, Title ...

Portrait	Title	Name	Birth	Family relations	Reign	Death	Notes
Dabuyid dynasty (642–760)
	Ispahbadh	Gil Gavbara	?	Son of Piruz	642–660	660
	Ispahbadh, Gil-Gilan, Padashwargarshah	Dabuya	?	Son of Gil Gavbara	660–676	676
	Ispahbadh, Gil-Gilan, Padashwargarshah	Farrukhan the Great	?	Son of Dabuya	712–728	728
	Ispahbadh, Gil-Gilan, Padashwargarshah	Dadhburzmihr	?	Son of Farrukhan the Great	728–740/741	740/741
	Ispahbadh, Gil-Gilan, Padashwargarshah	Farrukhan the Little	?	Son of Farrukhan the Great	740/741–747/48	747/48	Regent for Khurshid of Tabaristan
	Ispahbadh, Gil-Gilan, Padashwargarshah	Khurshid	734	Son of Dadhburzmihr	740/741–760	761	Committed suicide

Rashidun Caliphate (642–661)

Main articles: Rashidun Caliphate and Rashidun

The Rashidun Empire reached its greatest extent under Caliph Uthman, in 654

For more comprehensive lists of kings and sub-kings of this Era see:

Muslim dynasties of Iran

More information Portrait, Title ...

Title	Name	Kunya	Birth	Family relations	Reign	Death	Notes
Al Farooq, Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin	Umar	Abu Hafs	583	Son of Khattab ibn Nufayl.	642–644	644	Umar became Caliph in 634 and his forces conquered Persia in 642. Killed by Abu Lu'lu'a Firuz
Zonnurain, Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin	Uthman	Abu Amr	579	Son of Affan, of the Umayyad clan.	644–656	656	Killed by Rebels
Al-Mortaza, Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin, Great Imam, Maula Ali	Ali	Abul-Hasan	598	Son of Abu Talib, of the Hashemite clan. Son-in-law of Muhammad.	656–661	661	Killed by Kharijites
Al-Mujtaba Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin	Al-Hasan	Abu Muhammad	624	Son of caliph Ali, of the Hashemite clan. Grandson of Muhammad.	661–661	670	Abdicated after six or seven months to Muawiya

Umayyad Caliphate (661–750)

Main article: Umayyad Caliphate

Umayyad Caliphate at its greatest extent (c. 750)

For more comprehensive lists of kings and sub-kings of this Era see:

Islamic dynasties of Iran

More information Portrait/Coin, Title ...

Title	Name	Kunya	Birth	Family relations	Reign	Death	Notes
Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin	Muawiyah I	Abu Abdallah	?	Son of Abu Sufyan ibn Harb, cousin of Uthman ibn Affan and distant cousin of Muhammad	661–680	680	Reigned until his death
Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin	Yazid I	Abu Khalid	?	Son of Muawiyah I	680–683	683	Reigned until his death
Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin	Muawiya II	Abu Abd ur-Rahman	?	Son of Yazid I	683–684	?	Reigned until his death
Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin	Marwan I	Abu Abd al-Malik	?	Son of Hakam cousin of Muawiyah I	684–685	685	Reigned until his death
Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin	Abd al-Malik	Abu'l-Walid	?	Son of Marwan I	685–705	705	Reigned until his death
Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin	Al-Walid I	Abu'l-Abbas	674	Son of Abd al-Malik	705–715	715	Reigned until his death, built Mosque and great patron of Art.
Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin	Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik	Abu Ayyub	675	Son of Abd al-Malik	715–717	717	Reigned until his death in 717
Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin	Umar II	Abu Hafṣ	680	Son of Abd al-Aziz ibn Marwan and Paternal cousin of Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik	717–720	720	Reigned until his death, died of food poisoning.
Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin	Yazid II	Abu Khalid	690/91	Son of Abd al-Malik	720–724	724	Reigned until his death in 724
Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin	Hisham	Abu'l-Walid	691	Son of Abd al-Malik	724–743	743	Reigned until his death, built many schools and mosques in his Empire.
Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin	Al-Walid II	Abu'l-Abbas	709	Son of Yazid II	743–744	744	Reigned until his death (Assassinated)
Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin	Yazid III	Abu Khalid	701	Son of Al-Walid I and Shahfarand daughter of Peroz III	744–744	744	Reigned until his death (Brain tumour)
Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin	Ibrahim ibn al-Walid	Abu Ishaq	701/02	Son of Al-Walid I	744–744	744	Abdicated for Marwan II
Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin	Marwan II	Abu Abd al-Malik	691	Son of Muhammad ibn Marwan and Paternal cousin of Caliph Hisham.	744–750	750	Ruled from Harran in the Jazira. Killed by Saffah

Notable Governors

More information Governor, Term ...

Governor	Term
Governors of Khurasan
Abdallah ibn Khazim	662–665, 683–84
Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad	673–676
Salm ibn Ziyad	681–684
Umayya ibn Abdallah	694–697
Muhallab ibn Abi Sufra	698–702
Yazid ibn al-Muhallab	702–704
Al-Jarrah ibn Abdallah	717–719
Muslim ibn Sa'id	723–724
Asad ibn Abdallah	724–727, 734–38
Nasr ibn Sayyar	738–748

Abbasid Caliphate (750–861)

Main article: Abbasid Caliphate

Abbasid Caliphate at its greatest extent (c. 850), Abbasids ruled Persia until the start of Anarchy in 861

For more comprehensive lists of kings and sub-kings of this Era see:

Muslim dynasties of Iran

More information Portrait/Coin, Title ...

Title	Regnal name	Personal name	Birth	Family relations	Reign	Death	Notes
Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin	As-Saffah	Abu'l-Abbas Abdallah	721	Son of Muhammad ibn Ali who was a descendant of Muhammad's paternal uncle	750–754	754	Reigned until his death (Smallpox)
Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin	Al-Mansur	Abu Ja'far Abdallah	714	Brother of As-Saffah	754–775	775	Reigned until his death, one of the famous Arab caliph.
Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin	Al-Mahdi	Abu Abdallah Muhammad	744/745	Son of Al-Mansur	775–785	785	Reigned until his death, famous Abbasid caliph.
Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin	Al-Hadi	Abu Muhammad Musa	764	Son of Al-Mahdi	785–786	786	Reigned until his death in 786
Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin	Harun al-Rashid	Abu Ja'far Harun	763/766	Son of Al-Mahdi	786–809	809	Reigned until his death, the most famous Abbasid caliph
Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin	Al-Amin	Abu Musa Muhammad	787	Son of Harun al-Rashid	809–813	813	Dethroned and Killed by al-Ma'mun
Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin	Al-Ma'mun	Abu'l-Abbas Abdallah	786	Son of Harun al-Rashid	813–833	833	Reigned until his death, famous Abbasid caliph
Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin	Al-Mu'tasim	Abu Ishaq Muhammad	796	Son of Harun al-Rashid	833–842	842	Reigned until his death, famous Abbasid caliph
Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin	Al-Wathiq	Abu Ja'far Harun	812	Son of Al-Mu'tasim	842–847	847	Reigned until his death, Abbasid caliph
Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin	Al-Mutawakkil	Abu'l-Fadl Ja'far	822	Son of Al-Mu'tasim	847–861	861	Reigned until his assassination, last great Abbasid caliph (for others see Abbasid caliphs).

Notable Governors

More information Governor, Term ...

Governor	Term
Governors of Khurasan
Abu Muslim	750–755
Abu Awn Abd al-Malik	766–767
Humayd ibn Qahtaba	768–776
Mu'adh ibn Muslim	778–780
Al-Fadl ibn Yahya	795–796
Ali ibn Isa ibn Mahan	796–807/8
Mansur ibn Yazid al-Himyari	796–797

More information Governor, Term ...

Governor^[19]	Term
Governors of Khurasan (Tahirids)
Tahir ibn Husayn	821–822
Talha ibn Tahir	822–828
Abdallah ibn Tahir al-Khurasani	828–845
Tahir ibn Abdallah	845–862
Muhammad ibn Tahir	862–873

Samanid Empire (819–999)

Main articles: Samanid Empire and Anarchy at Samarra

Samanid Empire at its greatest extent

For more comprehensive lists of kings and sub-kings of this Era see:

Muslim dynasties of Iran

More information Portrait, Title ...

Portrait	Title	Regnal name	Personal name	Birth	Reign	Death
Samanid dynasty (819–999)
		Ahmad ibn Assad	?	?	819–864/865	864/5
		Nasr I	?	?	864/865–892	892
	Adel	Ismail Samani	?	?	892–907	907
	Shaheed	Ahmad Samani	?	?	907–914	914
	Saeed	Nasr II	?	?	914–942	943
	Hamid	Nuh I	?	?	942–954	954
	Rashid	'Abd al-Malik I	?	?	954–961	961
	Mo'ayyed	Mansur I	?	?	961–976	976
	Radhi	Nuh II	?	?	976–996	997
	Abol Hareth	Mansur II	?	?	996–999	999
	Abol Favares	'Abd al-Malik II	?	?	999	999
	Montaser	Isma'il Muntasir	?	?	1000–1005	1005

Saffarid Kingdom (861–1003)

Main articles: Saffarid dynasty and Anarchy at Samarra

Saffarid Empire at its greatest extent

For more comprehensive lists of kings and sub-kings of this Era see:

Muslim dynasties of Iran

More information Portrait, Title ...

Portrait	Title	Name	Kunya	Birth	Family relations	Reign	Death	Note
Saffarid dynasty (861–1003)
	Emir	Ya'qub ibn al-layth al-Saffar	–	840	Son of al-Layth	861–879	879	Died of sickness
	Emir	Amr ibn al-Layth	–	?	Son of al-Layth	879–901	902	Captured by the Samanids, later executed on 20 April 902 in Baghdad
	Emir	Tahir ibn Muhammad ibn Amr	Abu'l-Hasan	?	Son of Muhammad, son of Amr	901–908	?	Imprisoned in Baghdad
	Emir	Al-Layth	–	?	Son of Ali, son of al-Layth	909–910	928	Dies of natural causes as a prisoner in Baghdad in 928
	Emir	Muhammad ibn Ali ibn al-Layth	–	?	Son of Ali, son of al-Layth	910–911	?	Imprisoned in Baghdad
	Emir	Amr	Abu Hafs	902	Son of Ya'qub	912–913	?	Overthrown by the Samanids
	Emir	Ahmad Ja’far Ahmad ibn Muhammad	Abu Ja'far	21 June 906	Son of Muhammad, son of Amr	923–963	31 March 963	Killed by Abu’l-'Abbas and a Turkic Ghilman
	Emir	Khalaf ibn Ahmad	Abu Ahmad	November 937	Son of Ahmad ibn Muhammad	963–1003	March 1009	Overthrown by the Ghaznavids in 1003, died in exile in 1009

Ghurid Kingdom (879–1215)

Main article: Ghurid dynasty

Map of the Ghurid dynasty at its greatest extent by the year 1202

For more comprehensive lists of kings and sub-kings of this Era see:

Muslim dynasties of Iran

More information Portrait, Title ...

Portrait	Title	Name	Birth	Family relations	Reign	Death	Note
Ghurid dynasty (879–1215)
	Malik	Amir Suri	?	Father of Muhammad ibn Suri^[20]	?–?	?	was the first Malik of the Ghurid dynasty
	Malik	Muhammad ibn Suri	?	Son of Amir Suri	?–1011	1011	Poisoned himself
	Malik	Abu Ali ibn Muhammad	?	Son of Muhammad ibn Suri	1011–1035	1035	Overthrown and killed by his nephew Abbas ibn Shith
	Malik	Abbas ibn Shith	?		1035–1060	1060	Deposed and killed by the Ghaznavids, replaced by his son Muhammad ibn Abbas
	Malik	Muhammad ibn Abbas	?	Son of Abbas ibn Shith	1060–1080	1080
	Malik	Qutb al-din Hasan	?	Son of Muhammad ibn Abbas	1080–1100	1100
	Malik	Izz al-Din Husayn	?	Son of Qutb al-din Hasan	1100–1146	1146
	Malik	Sayf al-Din Suri	?	Son of Izz al-Din Husayn	1146–1149	1149
	Malik	Baha al-Din Sam I	?	Son of Izz al-Din Husayn	1149	1149
	Malik	Ala al-Din Husayn	?	Son of Izz al-Din Husayn	1149–1161	1161
	Malik	Sayf al-Din Muhammad	?	Son of Ala al-Din Husayn	1161–1163	1163
	Sultan	Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad	1139	Son of Baha al-Din Sam I	1163–1202	1202
	Sultan	Mu'izz al-Din	1149	Son of Baha al-Din Sam I	1173–1206	1206
	Sultan	Ghiyath al-Din Mahmud	?	Son of Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad	1206–1212	1212
	Sultan	Baha al-Din Sam III	?	Son of Ghiyath al-Din Mahmud	1212–1213	1213
	Sultan	Ala al-Din Atsiz	1159	Son of Ala al-Din Husayn	1213–1214	1214
	Sultan	Zia al-Din Ali	?	Son of Shuja al-Din Muhammad	1214–1215	1215

Ziyarid Kingdom (928–1043)

Main article: Ziyarid dynasty

Ziyarid dynasty at its greatest extent

More information Portrait, Title ...

Portrait	Title	Regnal name	Birth	Family relations	Reign	Death
Ziyarid dynasty (928–1043)
	Abolhajjaj, Emir	Mardavij	?	son of Ziyar	928–934	934
	Abutaher	Voshmgir	?	son of Ziyar	934–967	967
	Zahir od-Dowleh	Bisotoon	?	son of Voshmgir	967–976	976
	Shams ol-Ma'ali, Abolhasan	Qabus	?	son of Voshmgir	976–1012	1012
	Falak ol-Ma'ali	Manuchehr	?	son of Qabus	1012–1031	1031
	Sharaf ol-Ma'ali	Anushiravan	?	son of Manuchehr	1031–1043	1043
	Onsor ol-Ma'ali	Keikavus	?	son of Eskandar son of Qabus	?	?
		Gilanshah	?	son of Keykavous	?	?

Buyid Kingdom (934–1062)

Main article: Buyid dynasty

Buyid dynasty at its greatest extent

The Buyid Kingdom was divided into a number of separate emirates, of which the most important were Fars, Ray, and Iraq. Generally, one of the emirs held a sort of primus inter pares supremacy over the rest, which would be marked by titles like Amir al-umara (which tied them into the hierarchy of the Abbasid Caliphate) and Shahanshah (which the dynasty revived as a sign of independence from the Abbasid caliphs).

For more comprehensive lists of kings and sub-kings of this Era see:

Muslim dynasties of Iran

More information Portrait, Title ...

Portrait	Title	Regnal name	Personal name	Birth	Family relations	Reign	Death	Note
Buyids of Fars (933–1062)
	Emir, Amir al-umara	Imad al-Dawla	Abu'l-Hasan Ali	891	Son of Buya	934–949	949	Also Senior Buyid Emir (934–949)
	Emir, Shahanshah	Adud al-Dawla	Fanna Khusraw	936	Son of Rukn al-Dawla and nephew of Imad al-Dawla	949–983	983	Senior Buyid Emir (976–983) and Emir of Iraq (978–983)
	Emir, Amir al-umara	Sharaf al-Dawla	Abu'l-Fawaris Shirdil	962	Son of Adud al-Dawla	983–989	989	Also Senior Buyid Emir and Emir of Iraq (987–989)
	Emir, King	Samsam al-Dawla	Abu Kalijar Marzuban	964	son of Adud al-Dawla	989–998	998	Also Emir of Iraq and self-proclaimed Senior Buyid Emir (983–986)
	Emir, King, Shahanshah	Baha' al-Dawla	Abu Nasr Firuz	971	Son of Adud al-Dawla	998–1012	1012	Also Emir of Iraq (988–1012) and Senior Buyid Emir (997–1012)
	Emir	Sultan al-Dawla	Abu Shuja	992	Son of Baha' al-Dawla	1012–1024	1024	Also Emir of Iraq and Senior Buyid Emir (1012–1021)
	Emir, Shahanshah	Abu Kalijar	Marzuban	1011	Son of Sultan al-Dawla	1024–1048	1048	Also Emir of Kerman (1028–1048), Senior Buyid Emir (1037–1048) and Emir of Iraq (1044–1048)
	Emir	Abu Mansur Fulad Sutun		?	Son of Abu Kalijar	1048–1054	1062	Lost Fars to Abu Sa'd Khusrau Shah
	Emir	Abu Sa'd Khusrau Shah		?	Son of Abu Kalijar	1051–1054	?	Lost Fars to Abu Mansur Fulad Sutun
	Emir	Abu Mansur Fulad Sutun		?	Son of Abu Kalijar	1054–1062	1062	Killed by the Shabankara tribal chief Fadluya
Buyids of Rey, Isfahan, and Hamadan (935–1038)
	Emir, Amir al-umara	Rukn al-Dawla	Abu Ali Hasan	898	Son of Buya	935–976	976	Also Senior Buyid Emir (949–976)
	Emir	Fakhr al-Dawla	Abu'l-Hasan Ali	952	Son of Rukn al-Dawla	976–980 and 983–997	980	Also Emir of Hamadan & Tabaristan (984–997) and Senior Buyid Emir (991–997)
	Emir	Mu'ayyad al-Dawla	Abu Mansur	941	Son of Rukn al-Dawla	976–983	983	Also Emir of Hamadan (976–983), Jibal (977–983), Tabaristan (980–983), and Gorgan (981–983)
	Emir	Majd al-Dawla	Abu Taleb Rostam	993	Son of Fakhr al-Dawla	997–1029	1029	Only in Rey, briefly self-proclaimed Senior Buyid Emir
	Emir	Shams al-Dawla	Abu Taher	?	Son of Fakhr al-Dawla	997–1021	1021	Only in Isfahan and Hamaedan, briefly self-proclaimed Senior Buyid Emir
	Emir	Sama' al-Dawla	Abu'l-Hasan Ali	?	Son of Shams al-Dawla	1021–1023	1023	Only in Hamadan, Deposed by Kakuyids
Buyids of Iraq and Khuzistan (945–1055)
	Emir, Amir al-umara	Mu'izz al-Dawla	Abu'l-Husayn Ahmad	915	Son of Buya	945–966	966
	Emir, Amir al-umara	Izz al-Dawla	Abu Mansur Bakhtiyar	943	Son of Mu'izz al-Dawla	966–979	979	Self-proclaimed Senior Buyid Emir (976–978)
	Emir, Shahanshah	Adud al-Dawla	Fanna Khusraw	937	Son of Rukn al-Dawla	977–983	983	Also Emir of Fars (949–983) and Senior Buyid Emir (976–983)
	Emir, King	Samsam al-Dawla	Abu Kalijar Marzban	964	Son of Adud al-Dawla	983–987	998	Also self-proclaimed Senior Buyid Emir (983–986) and Emir of Fars & Kerman (989–998)
	Emir, Amir al-umara	Sharaf al-Dawla	Abu'l-Fawaris Shirdil	962	Son of Adud al-Dawla	987–989	989	Also Emir of Fars (983–989) and Senior Buyid Emir (987–989)
	Emir	Baha' al-Dawla	Abu Nasr Firuz	970	Son of Adud al-Dawla	989–1012	1012	Also Senior Buyid Emir (997–1012) and Emir of Fars (999–1012)
	Emir	Sultan al-Dawla	Abu Shuja	992	Son of Baha' al-Dawla	1012–1021	1024	Also Senior Buyid Emir (1012–1021) and Emir of Fars (1012–1024)
	Emir, Shahanshah, King	Musharrif al-Dawla	Abu 'Ali	1002	Son of Baha' al-Dawla	1021–1025	1025	Closest thing to Senior Buyid Emir (1024–1025)
	Emir	Jalal al-Dawla	Abu Tahir Jalal al-Dawla	994	Son of Baha' al-Dawla	1027–1043	1043
	Emir, Shahanshah	Abu Kalijar	Marzuban	1011	Son of Sultan al-Dawla	1043–1048	1048	Also Emir of Fars (1024–1048), Emir of Kerman (1028–1048) and Senior Buyid Emir (1037–1048)
	Emir	Al-Malik al-Rahim	Abu Nasr Khusrau Firuz	?	Son of Abu Kalijar	1048–1055	1058	Also Senior Buyid Emir (1051–1055). Deposed by Tughril of the Seljuqs

Ghaznavids Empire (977–1186)

Main article: Ghaznavids

Map of the Ghaznavid dynasty at its greatest extent

For more comprehensive lists of kings and sub-kings of this Era see:

Muslim dynasties of Iran

More information #, Laqab ...

#	Laqab	Personal Name	Reign	Succession right	Notes
1	Nasir-ud-din	Sabuktigin	977–997
2	No title	Ismail	997–998	son of Sabuktigin
3	Yamin ad-Dawlah Abu Qasim	Mahmud	998–1030	first son of Sabuktigin
4	Jalal ad-Dawlah	Muhammad	1030 1st reign	second son of Mahmud
5	Shihab ad-Dawlah	Masud I	1030–1041	first son of Mahmud	Was overthrown, imprisoned and executed, following the battle of Dandanaqan
—	Jalal ad-Dawlah	Muhammad	1041 2nd reign	second son of Mahmud	Raised to the throne following the removal of Masud I.
6	Shihab ad-Dawlah	Mawdud	1041–1048	son of Masud I	Defeated Muhammad at the battle of Nangrahar and gained the throne.^[21]
7	? ?	Masud II	1048	son of Mawdud
8	Baha ad-Dawlah	Ali	1048–1049	son of Masud I
9	Izz ad-Dawlah	Abd al-Rashid	1049–1052	fifth son of Mahmud
10	Qiwam ad-Dawlah	Toghrul	1052–1053	Turkish mamluk general	Usurped the Ghaznavid throne after massacring Abd al-Rashid and eleven other Ghaznavid princes.^[22]
11	Jamal ad-Dawlah	Farrukh-Zad	1053–1059	son of Masud I
12	Zahir ad-Dawlah	Ibrahim	1059–1099	son of Masud I
13	Ala ad-Dawlah	Mas'ūd III	1099–1115	son of Ibrahim
14	Kamal ad-Dawlah	Shir-Zad	1115–1116	son of Masud III	Murdered by his younger brother Arslan ibn Mas'ud.^[23]
15	Sultan ad-Dawlah	Arslan-Shah	1116–1117	son of Masud III	Took the throne from his older brother Shirzad, but faced a rebellion from his other brother Bahram Shah, who was supported by the sultan of the Great Seljuq Empire, Ahmad Sanjar.^[24]
16	Yamin ad-Dawlah	Bahram Shah	1117–1157	son of Masud III	Under Bahram-Shah, the Ghaznavid empire became a tributary of the Great Seljuq Empire. Bahram was assisted by Ahmad Sanjar, sultan of the Great Seljuq empire, in securing his throne.^[25]
17	Muizz ad-Dawlah	Khusrau Shah	1157–1160	son of Bahram-Shah
18	Taj ad-Dawlah	Khusrau Malik	1160–1186	son of Khusrau-Shah

Seljuk Empire (1029–1194)

Main article: Seljuk Empire

A map showing the Great Seljuk Empire at its height, upon the death of Malik Shah I in 1092

For more comprehensive lists of kings and sub-kings of this Era see:

Muslim dynasties of Iran

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Portrait	Title	Regnal name	Personal name	Birth	Family relations	Reign	Death	Notes
Seljuqs (1029–1191)
	Shahanshah, Sultan, Beg	Rukn ad-Dunya wa'd-Din	Tughril I Abu Talib Mohammad	995	Son of Mikha'il son of Seljuq	1029–1063	1063	Reigned until his death
	Shahanshah, Sultan	ʿAdud ad-Dawla	Alp Arslan Abu Shujaʿ Mohammad	1039	Son of Chaghri Beg Dawud brother of Toğrül I	1063–1072	1072	Reigned until his death
	Sultan	Jalal ad-Dawla wa'd-Din	Malik Shah I Abu'l-Fath Hasan	1055	Son of Alp Arslan	1072–1092	1092	Killed by Assassins
	Sultan	Nasir ad-Dawla wa'd-Din	Abu'l-Qasim Mahmud I	1086	Son of Malik Shah I	1092–1094	1094	Reigned until his death, Child ruler
	Sultan	Rukn ad-Dunya wa'd-Din	Abu'l-Muzaffar Barkiyaruq	1080	Son of Malik Shah I	1094–1105	1105
	Sultan	Ghiyath ad-Dunya wa'd-Din	Abu Shuja Muhammad I Tapar	1082	Son of Malik Shah I	1105–1118	1118
	Sultan	Muglith ad-Dunya wa'd-Din	Mahmud II	1104	Son of Muhammad I	1118–1131	1131	Dominated by his uncle Sanjar and killed in a rebellion against him.
	Sultan	Rukn ad-Dunya wa'd-Din	Abu Talib Toghrul II	1109	Son of Muhammad I	1132–1134	1134	Ruled only in Iraq, dominated by his uncle Ahmed Sanjar
	Sultan	As-Salatin Muʿizz ad-Dunyā wa'd-Dīn	Abu'l-Harith Ahmed Sanjar	1087	Son of Malik Shah I	1097–1157	1157	Ruled in Khorasan, dominating a series of nephews in Iraq.
	Sultan	Ghiyath ad-Dawla wa'd-Din	Abu'l-Fath Mas'ud	1109	Son of Muhammad I	1134–1152	1152	Ruled over the western portion of the empire. Preoccupations in the east meant Sanjar was unable to dominate him.
	Sultan	Mugith ad-Dunya wa'd-Din	Malik Shah III	1128	Son of Mahmud II	1152–1153 and 1160	1153	Deposed by Khass Bey Regained throne but then deposed by the people of Isfahan after 16 days.
	Sultan	Ghiyath ad-Dunya wa'd-Din	Abu Shuja Muhammad II	1128	Son of Mahmud II	1153–1160	1160	Rule contested with his uncle Sulayman Shah (1153–1155)
	Sultan	Mu'izz ad-Dunya wa'd-Din	Abu'l-Harith Sulayman Shah	1118	Son of Muhammad I	1153–1155 and 1160–1161	1162	Rule contested with his nephew Muhammad II Deposed by Inanj, Lord of Reyy and the court officials
	Sultan	Rukn ad-Dunya wa'd-Din	Arslan	1134	Son of Toghrul II	1161–1176	1176	De facto power in the hands of Ildeniz (1160–1174) and his son Pahlavan (1174–1176)
	Sultan	Rukn ad-Dunya wa'd-Din	Abu Talib Toghrul III	?	Son of Arslan	1176–1194	1194	De facto power in the hands of Pahlavan (1176–1186) and Qizil Arslan (1186–1188). Deposed by Qizil Arslan in 1191. Killed by Khwarazm Shah Tekish
	Sultan		Sanjar II	?	Son of Sulayman Shah	1189–1191	1191	De facto power in the hands of Qizil Arslan (1189–1191). Deposed by Qizil Arslan in 1191.
Eldiguzids (1191)
	Sultan		Qizil Arslan	?	Son of Ildeniz	1191	1191	Held de facto power (1186–1188). Deposed Qizil Arslan in 1191, declared himself Sultan and died an hour before his coronation.

Khwarazmian Empire (1153–1220)

Main article: Khwarazmian Empire

Khwarazmian Empire at its greatest extent

An empire built from Khwarezm, covering part of Iran and neighbouring Central Asia.

For more comprehensive lists of kings and sub-kings of this Era see:

Islamic dynasties of Iran

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Portrait	Title	Regnal name	Personal name	Birth	Family Relations	Reign	Death	Note
Anushtegin dynasty (1153–1220)
	Sultan	Ala ad-Dunya wa ad-Din Abul-Muzaffar	Atsiz	1097/1105	son of Muhammad I of Khwarazm	1153–1156	1156	Ruling in Khwārazm from 1127
	Sultan	Taj ad-Dunya wa ad-Din Abul-Fath	Il-Arslan	?	son of Atsiz	1156–1172	1172
	Sultan	Ala ad-Dunya wa ad-Din Abul-Muzaffar	Tekish	?	son of Il-Arslan	1172–1200	1200	With opposition from Sultan shah
	Shah	Ala ad-Dunya wa ad-Din Abul-Fath	Muhammad Sanjar	?	son of Tekish	1200–1220	1220	Eliminated by the Mongols
	Sultan	Jalal ad-Dunya wa ad-Din Abul-Muzaffar	Mingburnu	?	son of Muhammad	1220–1231	1231	Reign largely guerilla warfare against the Mongol conquerors

Mongol Empire (1220–1256)

Main article: Mongol Empire

Mongol Empire at its greatest extent

For more comprehensive lists of kings and sub-kings of this Era see:

Muslim dynasties of Iran

More information Portrait, Title ...

Title	Regnal name	Personal name	Birth	Family relations	Reign	Death	Notes
Khan	Genghis	Temujin	1162	Son of Yesugei Baghatur	1220–1227	1227	Ruling in Mongolia from 1206
Khan		Tolui	1192	Son of Genghis	25 August 1227 – 13 September 1229	13 September 1229	Regent
Khan		Ögedei	c. 1186	Son of Genghis	13 September 1229 – 11 December 1241	1241
Khatun		Töregene	?	Wife of Ögedei	1242 – March 1246	?	Regent
Khan		Güyük	c. 1206	Son of Ögedei and Töregene	1246–1248	1248
Khatun		Oghul Qaimish	?	Wife of Güyük	1248–1251	1251	Regent
Khan		Möngke	10 January 1209	Son of Tolui	1 July 1251 – 11 August 1259	11 August 1259

Ilkhanate (1256–1357)

Main article: Ilkhanate

Ilkhanate at its greatest extent

Ilkhanate (1256–1335)

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Title	Throne name	Personal name	Birth	Family relations	Reign	Death	Notes
Khan, Ilkhan		Hulagu	c. 1217	Son of Tolui	1256 – 8 February 1265	8 February 1265
Khan, Ilkhan		Abaqa	1234	Son of Hulagu	1265 – 1 April 1282	1 April 1282
Khan, Ilkhan, Sultan	Ahmad	Nicholas Tekuder	?	Son of Hulagu	1282–1284	1284	Killed by Arghun
Khan, Ilkhan		Arghun	c. 1258	Son of Abaqa	1284 – 7 March 1291	7 March 1291
Khan, Ilkhan		Gaykhatu	?	Son of Abaqa	1291–1295	1295	Killed by general Taghachar
Khan, Ilkhan		Baydu	?	Son of Taraqai son of Hulagu	1295	1295	Executed by Ghazan
Khan, Ilkhan, Sultan	Mahmud	Ghazan	5 November 1271	Son of Arghun	1295–1304	1304
Khan, Ilkhan, Sultan,	Muhammad Khodabandeh	Öljaitü	1280	Son of Arghun	1304 – 16 December 1316	16 December 1316
Khan, Ilkhan, Sultan	Abu Sa'id	Ala' ad-Din Bahadur	2 June 1305	Son of Öljaitü	1316 – 1 December 1335	1 December 1335
Khan, Ilkhan, Sultan	Arpa Ke'un	Mu'izz ad-Din Mahmud	?	Son of Suseh son of Munkqan son of Malik-Temur son of Ariq Böke son of Tolui	1335 – 10 April 1336	10 April 1336	Killed in battle by Ali Padshah
Khan, Ilkhan, Sultan	Nasir ad-Din	Musa	?	Son of Ali son of Baydu	12 April 1336 – 1337	1337	Puppet of Ali Padshah, fled after being defeated by the Jalayirid Hasan Buzurg
Khan, Ilkhan, Sultan		Togha Temür	?	Son of Sudi son of Bababahathor son of Abokan son of Amakan son of Tur son of Jujiqisar son of Yesugei Baghatur	1335–1353	1353	In opposition to Jalayirid and Chupanid candidates, killed by the Sarbadar Yahya Karawi
Khan, Ilkhan, Sultan,	Muzaffar ad-Din	Muhammad	?	Son of Yul Qotloq son of Il Temur son of Ambarji son of Mengu Temur son of Hulagu	1336–1338	1338	Puppet of Hasan Buzurg, executed by the Chupanid Hasan Kucek
Khatun		Sati beg	c. 1300	Daughter of Öljaitü	1338–1339	After 1345	Puppet of Hasan Kucek, who deposed her.
Khan, Ilkhan, Sultan,	Izz ad-Din	Jahan Temür	?	Son of Ala-Fireng son of Gaykhatu	1339–1340	?	Puppet of Hasan Buzurg, who deposed him for Togha Temür.
Khan, Ilkhan, Sultan		Suleiman	?	Husband of Sati beg and son of Yusef Shah son of Soga son of Yeshmut son of Hulagu	May 1339 – 1345	?	Puppet of Hasan Kucek, fled to Diyarbakr in the disorder after his death.
Khan, Ilkhan, Sultan		Anushirwan	?	?	1344–1356	?	Puppet of the Chupanid Malek Ashraf
Khan, Ilkhan, Sultan		Luqman	?	Son of Togha Temür	1353–1388	?	Puppet of Timur
Khan, Ilkhan, Sultan		Ghazan II	?	?	1356–1357	?	Puppet of Malek Ashraf

Sarbadars (1332–1386)

Sarbadars in 1345

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Title	Name	Birth	Family relations	Reign	Death	Notes
Amir	Abd al-Razzaq ibn Fazlullah	?		1337–1338	1338	Revolted against Togha Temür, stabbed to death by his brother
Amir	Wajih ad-Din Masud ibn Fazlullah	?	brother of Abd al-Razzaq	1338–1344	1344	Captured by the Paduspanids and executed.
Amir	Muhammad Aytimur (1343–1346)	?	Unrelated to predecessors	1344–1346	1346	Overthrown and executed
Amir	Kulu Isfendiyar	?	Unrelated to predecessors	1346–c. 1347	c. 1347
Amir	Shams al-Din ibn Fazl Allah	?	brother of Abd al-Razzaq	c. 1347	?	Forced to abdicate by successor
Amir	Khwaja Shams al-Din 'Ali	?	Unrelated to predecessors	1347–1351/1352	1351/1352	Assassinated by a disgruntled official
Amir	Yahya Karawi	?	Unrelated to predecessors	1351/1352–1355/1356	1355/1356	Eliminated Togha Temür, assassinated.
Amir	Zahir al-Din Karawi	?	Nephew of Yahya Karawi	1355/1356	1355/1356	Deposed by vizier
Amir	Haidar Qassab	?	Unrelated to predecessors	1355/1356	1356	Assassinated by a Turkish slave
Amir	Lutf Allah	?	Son of Wajih ad-Din Masud	1356–1357/1358 or 1361	1357/1358 or 1361	Deposed and executed by his vizier
Amir	Hasan al-Damghani	?	Unrelated to predecessors	1357/1358 or 1361–1361/1362	1361/1362	Overthrown by Dervish rebels
Amir	Khwaja 'Ali-yi Mu'ayyad ibn Masud	?	Unrelated to predecessors	1361/1362–1376/1377 and 1376/1377–1381	?	Restored, became vassal of Tamerlane in 1381
Amir	Rukn ad-Din	?	Unrelated to predecessors	1376/1377	?	Installed by Dervish rebels.

Chobanids (1335–1357)

Chupanids at their greatest extent

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Title	Name	Birth	Family relations	Reign	Death	Notes
Amir	Hassan Kuchak	c. 1319	Son of Timurtash son of Chupan	16 July 1338 – 15 December 1343	15 December 1343	Ruled on behalf of his Il-Khanate puppets Sati Beg and Suleiman Khan.
Amir	Yagi Basti	?	Son of Chupan	1343–1344	1344	Assassinated by his co-ruler Malek Ashraf.
Amir	Surgan	c. 1320	Son of Chupan and Sati Beg	1343–1345	1345	Driven out by his co-ruler Malek Ashraf.
Amir	Malek Ashraf	?	Brother of Hassan Kuchak	1343–1357	1357	Ruled on behalf of his Il-Khanate puppets Anushirwan. Hung by Jani Beg of the Golden Horde.
Amir	Temürtas	?	Son of Malek Ashraf	1360	1360	Short-lived puppet of the Golden Horde.

Jalayirids (1335–1432)

Jalayirids at their greatest extent

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Title	Regnal name	Personal name	Birth	Family relations	Reign	Death	Notes
Ulus Beg	Taj-ud-Din	Hasan Buzurg	?	Son-in-law of Chupan	1336–1356	1356	Ruled through Ilkhanate puppets Muhammad Khan and Jahan Temür.
Bahadur Khan	Mu'izz-ud-dunya wa'd-Din	Shaikh Uvais	c. 1337–1374	Son of Hasan Buzurg	1356–1374	1374
Shaikh		Hasan	?	Son of Shaikh Uvais	1374–1374	1374	Killed by the Amirs
Shaikh	Jalal-ud-Din	Husain I (1374–1382)	?	Son of Shaikh Uvais	1374–1382	1382	Executed by his rebellious brother Ahmed
Shaikh		Bayazid	?	Son of Shaikh Uvais	1382–1384	1384	In opposition to Husain and Ahmed
Sultan	Ghiyath ud-Din	Ahmad	?	Son of Shaikh Uvais	1383–1410	1410	In exile 1393–4, 1400–2, 1403–5. Killed in battle by Qara Yusuf
Sultan	Ala ud-Dunya	Shah Walad	?	Son of Ali, son of Uvais	1410–1411	1411
Sultan		Mahmud	?	Son of Shah Walad	1411	1425	Under regency of Tandu Khatun
Sultan		Uvais	?	Son of Shah Walad	1415–1421	1421
Sultan		Muhammad	?	Son of Shah Walad	1421	1421
Sultan		Mahmud	?	Son of Shah Walad	1421–1425	1425	Second reign
		Hussain	?	Son of Ala-ud-Dawlah, son of Ahmed	1425–1432	1432	Defeated by Kara Koyunlu

Injuids (1335–1357)

Injuids at their greatest extent

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Title	Name	Birth	Family relations	Reign	Death	Notes
	Sharaf ad-Din Mahmud Shah	?		1304–1335	1335	Highly autonomous master of the Ilkhanate royal estates (the injü), removed by Abu Sa'id, executed by Arpa Ke'un.
Amir	Ghiyath ad-Din Kai-Khusrau	?	Son of Mahmud Shah	1335–1338/9	1338/9
Amir	Jalal ad-Din Mas'ud Shah	?	Son of Mahmud Shah	1338–1342	1342	In opposition to Kai-Khusrau. Jalayirid partisan. Assassinated by Chupanids.
Amir	Shams ad-Din Muhammad	?	Son of Mahmud Shah	1339/40	1339/40	In opposition to Mas'ud Shah. Murdered by his Chupanid supporter.
Amir	Shaikh Abu Ishaq	?	Son of Mahmud Shah	1343–1357	?	Defeated & executed by the Muzaffarids

Muzaffarids (1314–1393)

Muzaffarids at its greatest extent

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Title	Name	Birth	Reign	Death	Notes
Emir	Mubariz ad-Din Muhammad ibn al-Muzaffar	1301	1314–1358	1368	Founder of the Muzaffarid dynasty
Emir	Shah Shuja	?	1358–1384	1384
Emir	Zain al-Abidin	?	1384–1387	1387
Emir	Shah Yahya	?	1387–1391	1391	Only ruled in Shiraz
Emir	Shah Mansur	?	1391–1393	1393

Timurid Empire (1370–1467)

Main article: Timurid Empire

Locator map of the Timurid Empire, c. 1400

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Title	Regnal name	Personal name	Birth	Family relations	Reign	Death	Notes
Amir, Beg, Gurkani, Sahib Qiran, Sultan	Timur	Timur bin Taraghai Barlas, later Timur Gurkani	9 April 1336	Son of Muhammad Taraghai	1370 – 18 February 1405	End of 1453
Emir	Pir Muhammad	Pir Muhammad bin Jahangir	c. 1374	Grandson of Timur	18 February 1405 – 22 February 1407	22 February 1407
Emir, Sultan, Shah	Khalil Sultan	Khalil Sultan bin Miran Shah	c. 1384	Grandson of Timur	18 February 1405 – 13 May 1409	13 May 1409
Mirza	Shah Rukh	Shah Rukh	30 August 1377	Son of Timur	18 February 1405 – 12 March 1447	12 March 1447
Mirza, Sultan	Ulugh Beg	Mirza Muhammad Tāraghay	22 March 1394	Son of Shahrukh Mirza	12 March 1447 – 27 October 1449	27 October 1449	Deposed and murdered by his successor

Qara Qoyunlu and Aq Qoyunlu (1375–1497)

Main articles: Qara Qoyunlu and Aq Qoyunlu

Qara Qoyunlu

Qara Qoyunlu (greatest extent)

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Title	Regnal Name	Personal Name	Birth	Reign	Death	Family relations	Notes
Bey	Qara Muhammad	Qara Muhammad Turmush ibn Bairam Khwaja	?	1378–1388	1388	First Bey of Kara Koynulu
Bey	Qara Yusuf	Abu Nasr Qara Yusuf Nuyan ibn Muhammad	?	1388–1420	1420		Reign ended by Timurid invasion
Bey	Qara Iskander	Qara Iskander ibn Yusuf	?	1420–1436	1436		Killed
Bey،Padishah-i Iran	Jahan Shah	Muzaffar al-Din Jahan Shah ibn Yusuf	1397	1438 – 11 November 1467	11 November 1467	Son of Qara Yusuf	Killed by Uzun Hasan of the Ak Koyunlu
Bey	Hasan Ali	Hasan Ali ibn Jahan Shah	?	11 November 1467 – 1468	1468	Son of Jahan Shah	Killed by Uzun Hasan of the Ak Koyunlu

Aq Quyunlu

Ag Qoyunlu (greatest extent)

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Title	Regnal Name	Personal Name	Birth	Family relations	Reign	Death	Notes
Bey	Qara Osman	Qara Yuluk (Nickname)	?		1378–1435	1435	For aiding Timur, he was given Diyarbakir in 1402
Bey	Ali	Nur al-Din Ali ibn Qara Yülük	?	Son of Qara Osman	1435–1438	1438
Bey	Hamza		?		1403–1435	1444
Bey	Jahangir	M‘uizz al-Din Jahangir ibn Ali ibn Qara Yülük	?	Son of Qara Osman	1444–1453	1453
Shahanshah of Iran Iran، Pādišah-ī Īrān،Bey	Uzun Hassan	Uzun Hassan ibn Jahangir	?	Son of Jahangir	1453 – 6 January 1478	6 January 1478
Bey	Khalil	Khalil ibn Uzun Hasan	?	Son of Uzun Hasan	1478–1479	1479
Bey	Yaqub	Yaqub ibn Uzun Hasan	?	Son of Uzun Hasan	1479–1490	1490
Bey	Baysongur	Baysongur ibn Yaqub	?	Son of Yaqub	1490–1491	1491
Bey	Rostam	Rostam ibn Maqsud	?	Son of Maqsud	1491–1497	1497
Bey	Ahmad Govde	Ahmad Govde ibn Muhammad	?	Son of Muhammad	1497	1497

Sources:^[26]^[27]

Note: Medieval Persia is generally agreed to have ended with the rise of the Safavid Empire

Safavid Empire (1501–1736)

Main articles: Safavid Iran and Safavid dynasty

The maximum extent of the Safavid Empire under Shah Abbas I

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Portrait	Title	Regnal name	Personal name	Birth	Family relations	Reign	Death	Notes
Safavid dynasty (1501–1736)
	Shah, Sultan, Kagan-i Suleyman shan, Pādišah-ī Īrān	Ismail I		1487	son of Sultan Heidar grandson of Uzun Hasan from mother lineage	7 November 1502 – 23 May 1524	23 May 1524
	Shah, Sahib-i-Qiran, Kagan-i Suleyman shan	Tahmasp I		1514	son of Ismail I	23 May 1525 – 25 May 1576	25 May 1576
	Shah	Ismail II		1537	son of Tahmasp I	25 May 1576 – 24 November 1577	24 November 1577	Poisoned (?)
	Shah, Khodabandeh, Ashraf, Soltan	Mohammad I		1532	son of Tahmasp I	25 May 1576 – 1 October 1587	1596	Deposed
	Shahanshah, Sultan, Great	Abbas I the Great^[28]		1571	son of Mohammad I	1 October 1587 – 19 January 1629	19 January 1629
	Shah, Mirza	Safi	Sam Mirza	1611	son of Mohammd Baqer (Safi) Mirza son of Abbas I	19 January 1629 – 12 May 1642	12 May 1642
	Shah	Abbas II		1632	son of Safi	12 May 1642 – 26 October 1666	26 October 1666
	Shah, Hakem-ol Hokama	Suleiman I	Safi Mirza	1645	son of Abbas II	26 October 1666 – 29 July 1694	29 July 1694
	Shah, Sultan, Sadr-ol Hakem	Sultan Husayn		1668	son of Suleiman I	29 July 1694 – 11 September 1722	11 September 1722	Deposed and killed by Ashraf Hotak
Afghan Rebellion
	Shah	Mahmud Hotak		1697?	son-in-law of Sultan Husayn son of Mirwais Khan Hotak	23 October 1722 – 22 April 1725	22 April 1725	Recognised as Shah of Persia after the Siege of Isfahan
	Shah	Ashraf Hotak		?	cousin of Mahmud Hotak	22 April 1725 – 5 October 1729	5 October 1729	Ruled in opposition to Tahmasp II and lost control of Persia after the Battle of Damghan
Safavid Restoration
	Shah	Tahmasp II		1704	son of Sultan Husayn	11 September 1722 – 16 April 1732	1740	Ruled in opposition to Mahmud Hotak, later deposed and killed by Nader
	Shah	Abbas III		1730	son of Tahmasp II	16 April 1732 – 22 January 1736	1739	Under control of Nader. Deposed and killed by Nader

Afsharid Empire (1736–1796)

Main articles: Afsharid Iran and Afsharid dynasty

Afsharid dynasty at its greatest extent

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Portrait	Title	Regnal name	Personal name	Birth	Family relations	Reign	Death	Notes
Afsharid dynasty (1736–1796)
	Shahanshah, Sultan, Hakem-ol Hokama, Hazrat-e Ashraf, Zel- ol Allah	Nader Shah	Nadhar Qoli Khan	1698	son of Imam Qoli Beig Afshar	22 January 1736 – 19 June 1747	19 June 1747	Before crowning his title was Tahmasp Qoli Khan. Killed
	Shah	Adil Shah	Ali Qoli Beig	1719/20	son of Mohammad Ebrahim Khan brother of Nader	19 June 1747 – 29 July 1748	1749	Deposed, blinded and killed by Ebrahim
	Shah	Ebrahim Afshar	Mohammd Ali Beig	1724	son of Mohammad Ebrahim Khan brother of Nader	29 July 1748 – 3 September 1748	1749	Deposed and killed by Shahrukh Afshar
	Shah	Shahrukh Afshar		1734	son of Reza Qoli Mirza son of Nader. His mother was Fatemeh Soltan Beigom daughter of Sultan Husayn I Safavi	3 September 1748 – 1796	1796	Deposed & blinded by Suleiman II (1749), restored (1750)
Brief Safavid control^[29] (1749–1750)
	Shah	Suleiman II of Persia	Mir Sayyed Mohammad Marashi	?	Pretender to the Safavid throne	1749–1750	?	Removed and blinded
Afsharid restoration^[30] (1750–1796)
	Shah	Shahrukh Afshar		1734	son of Reza Qoli Mirza son of Nader. His mother was Fatemeh Soltan Beigom daughter of Sultan Husayn I Safavi	3 September 1748 – 1796	1796	Deposed & blinded by Suleiman II (1749), restored (1750)

Zand Kingdom (1751–1794)

Main article: Zand dynasty

Map of the Zand dynasty during the reign of Lotf Ali Khan

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Portrait	Title	Regnal name	Personal name	Birth	Reign	Death	Family relations	Notes
Zand dynasty (1751–1794)
	Khan, Vakil e-Ro'aayaa	Karim Khan Zand	Mohammad Karim	1705	1751 – 6 March 1779	6 March 1779	son of Inaq Khan & Bay Agha	Had Ismail III as a Safavid prince, who reigned as a figurehead under the authority of Ali Mardan Khan Bakhtiari briefly from 1750 to 1751, and then under the Zand ruler Karim Khan Zand from 1751 till his death in 1773.
	Khan	Mohammad Ali Khan Zand		1760	6 March 1779 – 19 June 1779	19 June 1779	son of Karim
	Khan	Abol-Fath Khan Zand		1755	6 March 1779 – 22 August 1779	1787	son of Karim
	Khan	Zaki Khan Zand		?	6 March 1779 – 22 August 1779	22 August 1779	son of Budaq Khan & Bay Agha
	Khan	Sadeq Khan Zand	Mohammad Sadeq	?	22 August 1779 – 14 March 1781	1782	son of Inaq Khan & Bay Agha
	Khan	Ali-Morad Khan Zand		1720	14 March 1781 – 11 February 1785	11 February 1785	son of Allah Morad (Qeytas) Khan Zand Hazareh
	Khan	Jafar Khan		?	18 February 1785 – 23 January 1789	23 January 1789	son of Sadeq
	Khan	Sayed Morad Khan		?	23 January 1789 – 10 May 1789	10 May 1789	son of Khoda Morad Khan Zand Hazareh
	Khan	Lotf Ali Khan		1769	23 January 1789 – 20 March 1794	20 March 1794	son of Ja'far	Deposed, blinded and killed by Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar

Qajar Empire (1794–1925)

Main articles: Qajar Iran and Qajar dynasty

Map of the Qajar dynasty during the reign of Agha Mohammad Shah

More information Name, Lifespan ...

Name	Lifespan	Reign start	Reign end	Notes	Family
Agha Mohammad Shah آقا محمد شاه	(1742-03-14)14 March 1742 – 17 June 1797(1797-06-17) (aged 55)	20 March 1794	17 June 1797 (assassinated)	Son of Mohammad Hasan Khan	Qajar
Fath-Ali Shah فتحعلى‌شاه قاجار	(1772-09-05)5 September 1772 – 23 October 1834(1834-10-23) (aged 62)	17 June 1797	23 October 1834	Son of Hossein Qoli Khan, brother of Agha Mohammad Shah	Qajar
Mohammad Shah محمد شاه	(1808-01-05)5 January 1808 – 5 September 1848(1848-09-05) (aged 40)	23 October 1834	5 September 1848	Son of Abbas Mirza, son of Fath-Ali Shah	Qajar
Naser al-Din Shah ناصرالدین شاه	(1831-07-16)16 July 1831 – 1 May 1896(1896-05-01) (aged 64)	5 September 1848	1 May 1896 (assassinated)	Son of Mohammad Shah	Qajar
Mozaffar ad-Din Shah مظفرالدین شاه	(1853-03-23)23 March 1853 – 3 January 1907(1907-01-03) (aged 53)	1 May 1896	3 January 1907	Son of Naser al-Din Shah	Qajar
Mohammad Ali Shah محمدعلی شاه	(1872-06-21)21 June 1872 – 5 April 1925(1925-04-05) (aged 52)	3 January 1907	16 July 1909 (deposed)	Son of Mozaffar ad-Din Shah	Qajar
Ahmad Shah احمد شاه	(1898-01-21)21 January 1898 – 21 February 1930(1930-02-21) (aged 32)	16 July 1909	15 December 1925 (deposed)	Son of Mohammad Ali Shah	Qajar

Pahlavi Empire (1925–1979)

Main articles: Pahlavi Iran and Pahlavi dynasty

Map of the Pahlavi dynasty with modern international borders

More information Name, Lifespan ...

Name	Lifespan	Reign start	Reign end	Notes	Family	Image
Reza Shah Reza Shah the Great^[31]^[32]^[33] رضا شاه	(1878-03-15)15 March 1878 – 26 July 1944(1944-07-26) (aged 66)	15 December 1925	16 September 1941 (abdicated)	Son of Abbas-Ali Khan	Pahlavi
Mohammad Reza Shah محمدرضا شاه	(1919-10-26)26 October 1919 – 27 July 1980(1980-07-27) (aged 60)	16 September 1941	11 February 1979 (deposed)	Son of Reza Shah	Pahlavi

Notes and references

[1]
Behistun Inscription: This is Phraortes. He lied, saying: "I am Khshathrita, of the dynasty of Cyaxares. I am king in Media."
[2]
G. Posener, La première domination perse en Égypte, Cairo, 1936, pp. 30–36.
[3]
Jürgen von Beckerath, Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen (= Münchner ägyptologische Studien, vol 46), Mainz am Rhein: Verlag Philipp von Zabern, 1999. ISBN 3-8053-2310-7, pp. 220–21.
[4]
Hoschander, Jacob (1918). "The Book of Esther in the Light of History". The Jewish Quarterly Review. 9 (1/2). Dropsie College for Hebrew and Cognate Learning, Oxford University: 1–41. doi:10.2307/1451208. JSTOR 1451208. Retrieved 6 March 2023.
[5]
CNG: KINGS of PERSIS. Vādfradād (Autophradates) II. Early-mid 2nd century BC. AR Tetradrachm (25mm, 16.23 g, 11h). Istakhr (Persepolis) mint.
[6]
Rezakhani, Khodadad (2010). "The "Unbekannter König III" and the Coinage of Hellenistic and Arsacid Persis". Nameye Iran-E Bastan, 15.
[7]
Assar, 2004.Assar, 2005. Assar, "Moses of Choren & the Early Parthian Chronology", 2006.
[8]
Qashqai, H., "The successors of Mithridates II"
[9]
Assar, G.R.F., "A Revised Parthian Chronology of the Period 165–91 BC" Qashqai, H., "The successors of Mithridates II"
[10]
Assar, G.R.F., "A Revised Parthian Chronology of the Period 165–91 BC"
[11]
Josephus Flavius, Antiquities of the Jews, Book XVI, Ch.8.4
[12]
Tacitus, The Annals, 11.10
[13]
See: Unknown King (III) (c. AD 140)
[14]
See: Tiridates III (c. AD 224 – 228?)
[15]
In Persian it means "King of Kings"
[16]
"The great king of Armenians"
[17]
"The penetrator of the shoulders"
[18]
"Queen"
[19]
Bosworth 1996, p. 168-169.
[20]
In arabic, ibn means son of. so muhammad ibn suri means: muhammad son of suri (so suri is his father)
[21]
Bosworth 1977, p. 22-24.
[22]
Bosworth 1977, p. 45.
[23]
Bosworth 1977, p. 90.
[24]
Bosworth 1977, p. 93-95.
[25]
Bosworth 1996, p. 297.
[26]
Muʾayyid S̲ābitī, ʻAlī (1967). Asnad va Namahha-yi Tarikhi (Historical documents and letters from early Islamic period towards the end of Shah Ismaʻil Safavi's reign.). Iranian culture & literature (46). Kitābkhānah-ʾi Ṭahūrī., pp. 193, 274, 315, 330, 332, 422 and 430. See also: Abdul Hussein Navai, Asnaad o Mokatebaat Tarikhi Iran (Historical sources and letters of Iran), Tehran, Bongaah Tarjomeh and Nashr-e-Ketab, 2536, pages 578,657, 701–702 and 707
[27]
H.R. Roemer, "The Safavid Period", in Cambridge History of Iran, Vol. VI, Cambridge University Press 1986, p. 339: "Further evidence of a desire to follow in the line of Turkmen rulers is Ismail's assumption of the title 'Padishah-i-Iran', previously held by Uzun Hasan."
[28]
بزرگ.
[29]
"Ottoman and Persian Empires 1730–1875 by Sanderson Beck".
[30]
Lang, David Marshall (1957), The Last Years of the Georgian Monarchy, 1658–1832, p. 148. Columbia University Press
[31]
Steele, Robert (22 March 2021). "Crowning the "Sun of the Aryans": Mohammad Reza Shah's Coronation and Monarchical Spectacle in Pahlavi Iran". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 53 (2): 175–193. doi:10.1017/S002074382000121X. ISSN 0020-7438.
[32]
تاریخ بیست ساله ایران، حسین مکی، نشر ناشر، ۱۳۶۳ تهران
[33]
نجفقلی پسیان و خسرو معتضد، از سوادکوه تا ژوهانسبورگ: زندگی رضاشاه پهلوی، نشر ثالث، ۷۸۶ صفحه، چاپ سوم، ۱۳۸۲، ویژه:منابع کتاب/9646404200|ISBN 964-6404-20-0

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Persian_Emperor

Median Dynasty (671–549 BC)

Teispid Kingdom (c.705–559 BC)

Achaemenid Empire (559–334/327 BC)

Macedonian Empire (336–306 BC)

Seleucid Empire (311–129 BC)

Fratarakas

Kings of Persis

Parthian Empire (247 BC – AD 228)

Sasanian Empire (224–651)

Dabuyid Kingdom (642–760)

Rashidun Caliphate (642–661)

Umayyad Caliphate (661–750)

Notable Governors

Abbasid Caliphate (750–861)

Notable Governors

Samanid Empire (819–999)

Saffarid Kingdom (861–1003)

Ghurid Kingdom (879–1215)

Ziyarid Kingdom (928–1043)

Buyid Kingdom (934–1062)

Ghaznavids Empire (977–1186)

Seljuk Empire (1029–1194)

Khwarazmian Empire (1153–1220)

Mongol Empire (1220–1256)

Ilkhanate (1256–1357)

Ilkhanate (1256–1335)

Sarbadars (1332–1386)

Chobanids (1335–1357)

Jalayirids (1335–1432)

Injuids (1335–1357)

Muzaffarids (1314–1393)

Timurid Empire (1370–1467)

Qara Qoyunlu and Aq Qoyunlu (1375–1497)

Qara Qoyunlu

Aq Quyunlu

Safavid Empire (1501–1736)

Afsharid Empire (1736–1796)

Zand Kingdom (1751–1794)

Qajar Empire (1794–1925)

Pahlavi Empire (1925–1979)

See also

Notes and references

Bibliography

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