Philogelos (Ancient Greek: Φιλόγελως, "Love of Laughter"), also titled or subtitled The Jests of Hierocles and Philagrius, is the oldest existing collection of jokes. The collection is written in Ancient Greek, and the language used indicates that it may have been written in the fourth century AD, according to William Berg, an American classics professor.^[1] It is attributed to Hierocles and Philagrius, about whom little is known.^[2] Because the celebration of a thousand years of Rome is mentioned in joke 62, the collection perhaps dates from after that event in 248 AD.^[3] Although it is the oldest existing collection of jokes, it is known that it was not the oldest collection, because Athenaeus wrote that Philip II of Macedon paid for a social club in Athens to write down its members' jokes, and at the beginning of the second century BC, Plautus twice has a character mentioning books of jokes.^[2] The collection contains 265 jokes categorised into subjects such as teachers and scholars, and eggheads and fools.^[4]

In 2008, British TV personality and comedian Jim Bowen tested the material on a modern audience.^[5] One of the jokes in Philogelos has been described as "an ancestor of Monty Python's famous Dead Parrot comedy sketch."^[1] Comedian Jimmy Carr has said that some of the jokes are "strikingly similar" to modern ones.^[6]

The US National Museum of Language showcases a virtual exhibit, ‘‘Philogelos: The First Joke Book,” of cartoons created from translations of the Philogelos collection.^[7]

• Roman jokes
• Poetics (Aristotle), Aristotle discusses the nature of tragedy and comedy, but the book on the latter is lost.