Portuguese_legislative_election,_2005
The 2005 Portuguese legislative election took place on 20 February. The election renewed all 230 members of the Assembly of the Republic.
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230 seats to the Portuguese Assembly 116 seats needed for a majority | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Opinion polls | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Registered | 8,944,508  0.5% | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Turnout | 5,747,834 (64.3%)2.8 pp | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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These elections were called after the decision of President Jorge Sampaio on 30 November 2004 to dissolve the Parliament as an answer to the political instability caused by the government led by Pedro Santana Lopes (PSD) in coalition with the PP. Santana Lopes had become Prime Minister in July 2004, after José Manuel Durão Barroso left the country in order to become President of the European Commission in a decision that divided the country, because many Portuguese were expecting that the Socialist President Jorge Sampaio would dissolve the Parliament and call a legislative election. However, after five unstable months, President Sampaio decided to dissolve Parliament and call fresh elections. The Prime Minister nevertheless announced the resignation of the government on 11 December, in an action with no practical effects whatsoever.
The campaign started officially on 6 February and the major topics were the problematic state of the country's finances, unemployment, abortion and even José Sócrates's alleged homosexuality.[6][7]
Headed by Sócrates, the centre-left Socialist Party (PS) won the election with a landslide victory, winning in 19 of the 22 electoral constituencies, including in districts such as Viseu and Bragança that historically voted for the right. The Socialist Party conquered its first absolute majority, receiving 45% of the electorate vote and 52% of the seats in the Parliament, making this the Socialists' largest ever victory in terms of vote percentage and seat count as of 2022. The centre-right parties, mainly the Social Democrats, were punished for their performance in government, and lost more than 11% of votes they had garnered in the previous election. On the left, the Left Bloc achieved its best result ever and made the biggest climb, gaining 5 MPs, while the CDU (Communists and the Greens) gained 2 MPs and reversed their downward trend of the last elections.
Voter turnout was the highest since 1995, as 64.3% of the electorate cast a ballot.
Fall of the government
Deep disagreements and disputes within the Social Democratic Party began to derail the government led by Pedro Santana Lopes.[8] One of those disputes, the resignation of Youth and Sports Minister, Henrique Chaves, which was a close ally of Santana, precipitated the fall of the government, as Chaves accused Santana of not being "loyal and truthful".[9] Following this, President Jorge Sampaio had "enough" of crisis and accused the government of "contradictions and lack of coordination that contributed to its discredit".[10] Therefore, Sampaio used his power of dissolution of Parliament and called a snap election, the only time till date such power was used in Portuguese democracy.[11][12] A new election was called, by the President, for February 2005.[13]
Leadership changes and challenges
PSD 2004 leadership election
Following the resignation of José Manuel Durão Barroso as Prime Minister and PSD leader to become President of the European Commission, the Social Democratic Party (PSD) initiated the process to elect a new leader.[14] Pedro Santana Lopes, by then Mayor of Lisbon, was the sole candidate for the leadership[15] and his name was overwhelmingly confirmed in a National Party Council meeting on 1 July 2004.[16] The results were the following:
| Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Pedro Santana Lopes | 98 | 97.0 | |
| Against | 3 | 3.0 | |
| Turnout | 101 | ||
| Source: Results | |||
Two weeks later, on 17 July 2004, Santana Lopes was sworn in as Prime Minister.[17]
PS 2004 leadership election
On early July 2004, PS leader Eduardo Ferro Rodrigues resigned from the leadership against President Jorge Sampaio decision to nominate Pedro Santana Lopes as Prime Minister, following the resignation of Durão Barroso, rather than calling a snap legislative election.[18] New elections to select a new leader were called for 25 and 26 September 2004. Former environment minister José Sócrates, Manuel Alegre and the son of former President Mário Soares, João Soares, contested the leadership ballot.[19] José Sócrates was elected by a landslide[20] and the results were the following:
| Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|
| José Sócrates | 18,432 | 78.6 | |
| Manuel Alegre | 3,903 | 16.7 | |
| João Soares | 927 | 4.0 | |
| Blank/Invalid ballots | 175 | 0.7 | |
| Turnout | 23,437 | ||
| Source: Results | |||
PCP 2004 leadership election
In the fall of 2004, PCP leader Carlos Carvalhas decided to step down from the party's leadership after 12 years in the post.[21] Jerónimo de Sousa was selected as candidate for the leadership and was elected in the party's congress during the weekend of 27 and 28 November 2004.[22] The results were the following:
| Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Jerónimo de Sousa | 164 | 93.7 | |
| Against | 1 | 0.6 | |
| Abstention | 10 | 5.7 | |
| Turnout | 175 | ||
| Source: Results | |||
Electoral system
The Assembly of the Republic has 230 members elected to four-year terms. Governments do not require absolute majority support of the Assembly to hold office, as even if the number of opposers of government is larger than that of the supporters, the number of opposers still needs to be equal or greater than 116 (absolute majority) for both the Government's Programme to be rejected or for a motion of no confidence to be approved.[23]
The number of seats assigned to each district depends on the district magnitude.[24] The use of the d'Hondt method makes for a higher effective threshold than certain other allocation methods such as the Hare quota or Sainte-Laguë method, which are more generous to small parties.[25]
For these elections, and compared with the 2002 elections, the MPs distributed by districts were the following:[26]
| District | Number of MPs | Map |
|---|---|---|
| Lisbon | 48 | 
18
6
38
5
4
15
9
4
10
5
10
10
48
2
3
17
3
8
6
5
2
2
|
| Porto | 38 | |
| Braga | 18 | |
| Setúbal | 17 | |
| Aveiro | 15 | |
| Leiria, Santarém and Coimbra | 10 | |
| Viseu | 9 | |
| Faro | 8 | |
| Madeira(+1) and Viana do Castelo | 6 | |
| Azores, Castelo Branco and Vila Real | 5 | |
| Bragança and Guarda | 4 | |
| Beja and Évora | 3 | |
| Portalegre(–1), Europe and Outside Europe | 2 |
The table below lists the parties represented in the Assembly of the Republic during the 9th legislature (2002–2005) and that also partook in the election:
| Name | Ideology | Political position | Leader | 2002 result | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| % | Seats | ||||||
| PPD/PSD | Social Democratic Party Partido Social Democrata |
Liberal conservatism Classical liberalism |
Centre-right | Pedro Santana Lopes | 40.2% | 105 / 230 | |
| PS | Socialist Party Partido Socialista |
Social democracy | Centre-left | José Sócrates | 37.8% | 96 / 230 | |
| CDS-PP | CDS – People's Party Centro Democrático e Social – Partido Popular |
Christian democracy Conservatism |
Centre-right to right-wing |
Paulo Portas | 8.7% | 14 / 230 | |
| PCP | Portuguese Communist Party Partido Comunista Português |
Communism Marxism–Leninism |
Far-left | Jerónimo de Sousa | 6.9% [lower-alpha 1] |
10 / 230 | |
| PEV | Ecologist Party "The Greens" Partido Ecologista "Os Verdes" |
Eco-socialism Green politics |
Left-wing | Heloísa Apolónia | 2 / 230 | ||
| BE | Left Bloc Bloco de Esquerda |
Democratic socialism Anti-capitalism |
Left-wing | Francisco Louçã | 2.7% | 3 / 230 | |
Party slogans
| Party or alliance | Original slogan | English translation | Refs | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PSD | « Por amor a Portugal. » | "For love of Portugal" | [27] | |
| PS | « Voltar a acreditar em Portugal » | "Believing in Portugal again" | [28] | |
| CDS–PP | « O voto útil para Portugal » | "The useful vote for Portugal" | [29] | |
| CDU | « Agora é consigo » | "Now it's up to you" | [30] | |
| BE | « Faz toda a diferença » | "It makes all the difference" | [31] | |
Candidates' debates
| 2005 Portuguese legislative election debates | |||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Date | Organisers | Moderator(s) | P Present A Absent invitee N Non-invitee | ||||||||||||||||||
| PSD Santana |
PS Sócrates |
CDS–PP Portas |
CDU Jerónimo |
BE Louçã |
Refs | ||||||||||||||||
| 18 Jan | SIC Notícias | N | N | N | P | P | [32] | ||||||||||||||
| 20 Jan | SIC Notícias | N | N | P | N | P | [33] | ||||||||||||||
| 25 Jan | SIC Notícias | N | N | P | P | N | [32] | ||||||||||||||
| 3 Feb | RTP2, SIC, Antena 1, TSF |
Maria Flor Pedroso Rodrigo Guedes de Carvalho José Gomes Ferreira Ricardo Costa |
P | P | N | N | N | [34] | |||||||||||||
| 15 Feb | RTP1 | Judite de Sousa José Alberto Carvalho |
P | P | P | P | P | [35] | |||||||||||||
| Candidate viewed as "most convincing" in each debate | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Date | Organisers | Polling firm/Link | |||||||||||||||||||
| PSD | PS | CDS–PP | CDU | BE | Notes | ||||||||||||||||
| 3 Feb | RTP2, SIC, Antena 1, TSF | Aximage | 20.2 | 50.4 | — | — | — | 29.6% Tie | |||||||||||||
 | Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org. |
The table below shows voter turnout throughout election day including voters from Overseas.
| Parties | Votes | % | ± | MPs | MPs %/ votes % | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2002 | 2005 | ± | % | ± | ||||||
| Socialist | 2,588,312 | 45.03 | 7.2 | 96 | 121 | 25 | 52.61 | 10.9 | 1.17 | |
| Social Democratic[lower-alpha 2] | 1,653,425 | 28.77 |  11.4 | 105 | 75 | 30 | 32.61 | 13.0 | 1.13 | |
| Unitary Democratic Coalition[lower-alpha 3] | 433,369 | 7.54 | 0.6 | 12 | 14 | 2 | 6.09 | 0.9 | 0.81 | |
| People's | 416,415 | 7.25 | 1.5 | 14 | 12 | 2 | 5.22 | 0.9 | 0.72 | |
| Left Bloc | 364,971 | 6.35 | 3.6 | 3 | 8 | 5 | 3.48 | 2.2 | 0.55 | |
| Portuguese Workers' Communist | 48,186 | 0.84 | 0.2 | 0 | 0 |  0 | 0.00 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
| New Democracy | 40,358 | 0.70 | — | — | 0 | — | 0.00 | — | 0.0 | |
| Humanist | 17,056 | 0.30 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
| National Renovator | 9,374 | 0.16 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
| Workers Party of Socialist Unity | 5,535 | 0.10 | 0.0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
| Democratic Party of the Atlantic | 1,618 | 0.03 | — | — | 0 | — | 0.00 | — | 0.0 | |
| Total valid | 5,578,782 | 97.06 | 1.0 |
230 | 230 | 0 |
100.00 | 0.0 |
— | |
| Blank ballots | 103,537 | 1.80 | 0.8 | |||||||
| Invalid ballots | 65,515 | 1.14 | 0.2 | |||||||
| Total | 5,747,834 | 100.00 | ||||||||
| Registered voters/turnout | 8,944,508 | 64.26 | 2.8 | |||||||
| Source: Comissão Nacional de Eleições | ||||||||||
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Distribution by constituency
| Constituency | % | S | % | S | % | S | % | S | % | S | Total S |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PS | PSD | CDU | CDS-PP | BE | |||||||
| Azores | 53.1 | 3 | 34.4 | 2 | 1.7 | - | 4.0 | - | 2.9 | - | 5 |
| Aveiro | 41.1 | 8 | 35.7 | 6 | 3.5 | - | 9.8 | 1 | 5.1 | - | 15 |
| Beja | 51.0 | 2 | 12.3 | - | 24.1 | 1 | 2.9 | - | 4.7 | - | 3 |
| Braga | 45.4 | 9 | 32.9 | 7 | 4.8 | 1 | 7.8 | 1 | 4.6 | - | 18 |
| Bragança | 42.1 | 2 | 39.0 | 2 | 2.0 | - | 9.7 | - | 2.5 | - | 4 |
| Castelo Branco | 56.0 | 4 | 26.7 | 1 | 3.8 | - | 5.3 | - | 3.7 | - | 5 |
| Coimbra | 45.4 | 6 | 31.9 | 4 | 5.5 | - | 5.5 | - | 6.3 | - | 10 |
| Évora | 49.7 | 2 | 16.7 | - | 20.9 | 1 | 3.7 | - | 4.6 | - | 3 |
| Faro | 49.3 | 6 | 24.6 | 2 | 6.9 | - | 5.8 | - | 7.7 | - | 8 |
| Guarda | 46.8 | 2 | 34.7 | 2 | 2.9 | - | 7.0 | - | 3.4 | - | 4 |
| Leiria | 35.6 | 4 | 39.8 | 5 | 4.6 | - | 8.9 | 1 | 5.5 | - | 10 |
| Lisbon | 44.1 | 23 | 23.7 | 12 | 9.8 | 5 | 8.2 | 4 | 8.8 | 4 | 48 |
| Madeira | 35.0 | 3 | 45.2 | 3 | 3.6 | - | 6.6 | - | 3.8 | - | 6 |
| Portalegre | 54.9 | 2 | 20.2 | - | 12.1 | - | 4.2 | - | 4.6 | - | 2 |
| Porto | 48.5 | 20 | 27.8 | 12 | 5.4 | 2 | 6.9 | 2 | 6.7 | 2 | 38 |
| Santarém | 46.1 | 6 | 26.4 | 3 | 8.6 | 1 | 6.9 | - | 6.5 | - | 10 |
| Setúbal | 43.6 | 8 | 16.1 | 3 | 20.0 | 3 | 5.1 | 1 | 10.3 | 2 | 17 |
| Viana do Castelo | 42.0 | 3 | 33.5 | 2 | 3.8 | - | 11.4 | 1 | 4.5 | - | 6 |
| Vila Real | 43.8 | 3 | 40.2 | 2 | 2.6 | - | 6.8 | - | 2.4 | - | 5 |
| Viseu | 40.4 | 4 | 40.2 | 4 | 2.2 | - | 8.6 | 1 | 3.3 | - | 9 |
| Europe | 54.3 | 1 | 27.2 | 1 | 4.2 | - | 3.4 | - | 2.3 | - | 2 |
| Outside Europe | 26.3 | - | 57.7 | 2 | 1.0 | - | 3.5 | - | 0.7 | - | 2 |
| Total | 45.0 | 121 | 28.8 | 75 | 7.5 | 14 | 7.2 | 12 | 6.4 | 8 | 230 |
| Source: Comissão Nacional de Eleições | |||||||||||
Maps
- Strongest party by district.
- Most voted political force by municipality.
- Share of vote for CDU by district.
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Graphics
- Seats won by party.
- Gains and losses by party.
- Share of vote by party.
- Freire, André; Marina Costa Lobo (May 2006). "The Portuguese 2005 legislative election: Return to the left". West European Politics. 29 (3): 581–588. doi:10.1080/01402380600620742. S2CID 154260314.
- The Portuguese Communist Party (PCP) and the Ecologist Party "The Greens" (PEV) contested the 2002 election in a coalition called Unitary Democratic Coalition (CDU) and won a combined 6.9% of the vote and elected 12 MPs to parliament.
- From the Social Democratic electoral lists were elected two MPs from the People's Monarchist Party and other two MPs from Earth Party.
- Portuguese Communist Party (12 MPs) and "The Greens" (2 MPs).
- Santos Costa, Filipe (2 February 2005). "Santana nega ter feito insinuações" [Santana denies having made insinuations]. Diário de Notícias (in Portuguese). Retrieved 8 June 2016.
- Paixão, Paulo (23 September 2009). "Temas que marcaram a campanha das legislativas de 2005" [Themes that marked the 2005 election campaign]. Expresso (in Portuguese). Retrieved 8 June 2016.
- "As "trapalhadas" de Santana em 2004 (que Rio apoiou e Marcelo arrasou) ", Observador, 21 December 2017. Retrieved 23 October 2022.
- "Henrique Chaves demite-se do Governo por falta de «lealdade e de verdade» de Santana", Jornal de Negócios, 28 November 2004. Retrieved 23 October 2022.
- "Jorge Sampaio anuncia a dissolução do Parlamento ", RTP, 8 September 2015. Retrieved 23 October 2022.
- "Jorge Sampaio vai dissolver Assembleia da República ", Público, 30 November 2004. Retrieved 23 October 2022.
- "A bomba atómica de Sampaio", Correio da Manhã, 10 September 2021. Retrieved 23 October 2022.
- "Jorge Sampaio assinou hoje decreto de dissolução do Parlamento ", Público, 22 December 2004. Retrieved 23 October 2022.
- "Durão Barroso demite-se oficialmente", Jornal de Notícias, 5 July 2004. Retrieved 25 March 2023.
- "Santana Lopes considera legítima eleição pelo Conselho Nacional do PSD ", Público, 30 June 2004. Retrieved 25 March 2023.
- "Santana Lopes indigitado pelo PSD para primeiro-ministro", Público, 11 July 2004. Retrieved 25 March 2023.
- "Um Governo de amigos, políticos e estreantes ", Público, 17 July 2004. Retrieved 25 March 2023.
- "Ferro Rodrigues demite-se da liderança do PS ", Público, 9 July 2004. Retrieved 21 November 2021.
- "DEBATER AS IDEIAS ESCOLHER OS PROTAGONISTAS", Acção Socialista, 29 July 2004. Retrieved 21 November 2021.
- "Sócrates eleito Secretário Geral do PS", RTP, 26 September 2004. Retrieved 21 November 2021.
- "Carlos Carvalhas abandona liderança do PCP", Público, 5 October 2004. Retrieved 21 November 2021.
- "PCP: Jerónimo de Sousa eleito secretário-geral", Público, 28 November 2004. Retrieved 21 November 2021.
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- "Effective threshold in electoral systems". Trinity College, Dublin. Retrieved 2015-10-21.
- Gallaher, Michael (1992). "Comparing Proportional Representation Electoral Systems: Quotas, Thresholds, Paradoxes and Majorities"
- "Mapa Oficial n.º 5-A/2004" (PDF). CNE - Comissão Nacional de Eleições - DR I Série-A, nº 301, 27 de Dezembro de 2004. Retrieved 2 December 2020.
- "ELEIÇÕES LEGISLATIVAS DE 2005 – PSD". EPHEMERA (in Portuguese). Retrieved 11 May 2020.
- "PS recusa proposta de debate entre José Sócrates e Santana Lopes". TVI (in Portuguese). Retrieved 11 May 2020.
- "ELEIÇÕES LEGISLATIVAS DE 2005 – CDS". EPHEMERA (in Portuguese). Retrieved 11 May 2020.
- "Documents". PCP (in Portuguese). Retrieved 11 May 2020.
- "ELEIÇÕES LEGISLATIVAS DE 2005 – BE". EPHEMERA (in Portuguese). Retrieved 11 May 2020.
- "Televisões apostam nos debates políticos". Correio da Manhã (in Portuguese). 18 January 2005. Retrieved 11 May 2020.
- "Portas e Louçã travaram debate aceso a propósito do aborto e da banca". Público (in Portuguese). 21 January 2005. Retrieved 11 May 2020.
- "Debate inovador ao estilo americano". Diário de Notícias (in Portuguese). 3 February 2005. Retrieved 11 May 2020.
- "DEBATE: LEGISLATIVAS 2005". RTP1 (in Portuguese). 2005. Retrieved 11 May 2020.
- "21,93 por cento dos eleitores votaram até ao meio-dia". RTP (in Portuguese). 20 February 2005. Retrieved 8 June 2023.
- "Votaram 18 por cento dos eleitores até ao meio-dia". Público (in Portuguese). 17 March 2002. Retrieved 8 June 2023.
- "00, mais de metade dos eleitores já tinha votado". RTP (in Portuguese). 20 February 2005. Retrieved 8 June 2023.
- "Afluência às urnas ultrapassa 45 por cento às 16h00". Público (in Portuguese). 17 March 2002. Retrieved 8 June 2023.