Prince_of_Achaea

Prince of Achaea

Prince of Achaea

Sovereign of the Principality of Achaea, a Crusader state in medieval Greece

The Prince of Achaea was the ruler of the Principality of Achaea, one of the crusader states founded in Greece in the aftermath of the Fourth Crusade (1202–1204). The principality witnessed various overlords during its more than two centuries of existence, initially, Achaea was a vassal state of the Kingdom of Thessalonica under Boniface I of house Montferrat, then of the Latin Empire of Constantinople under the houses of Flanders-Courtenay, which had supplanted the Byzantine Empire, and later of the Angevin Kingdom of Naples. During the Angevin period, the princes were often absent, represented in the Principality by their baillis, who governed in their name. After 1404 the principality became sovereign as the Genoese Centurione II Zaccaria bought from the Neapolitan crown the princely rights.

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The principality was one of the longest-lasting of the Latin states in Greece, outliving the Latin Empire itself by 171 years. It did not come to an end until 1432, when the Byzantine prince Thomas Palaiologos inherited the last remnants of the Principality through marriage to the daughter of the last prince, Centurione Zaccaria. With the Principality gone, the title of Prince of Achaea became vacant. However at 1453 during the great Morean revolt of 1453-1454, John Asen Zaccaria, son of Centurione revived the Principality. He was confirmed as Prince by the Kingdom of Naples, the legitimate overlords of the Principality since 1267 and by Venice, though on 1455 John was forced to exile. The title was revived more than two centuries later, with Antonio di Tocco, a descendant of Thomas Palaiologos, proclaiming himself as the titular Prince of Achaea in 1642. The sequence of titular princes that began with Antonio di Tocco lasted until the death of his descendant Maria Maddalena Capece Galeota in 1933, whereafter the title became vacant once more.

List of princes of Achaea, 1205–1432/54

Champlitte dynasty (1205–1209)

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After a brief tenure as prince, William I received news that his brother Louis in Burgundy had died and decided to return home to France to claim the family lands. To govern the principality of Achaea, he left his old friend Geoffrey of Villehardouin as bailiff. William I died on his journey home in 1209. Champlitte had stipulated before his journey home that any lawful heir of his would have to claim the principality within a year and a day in the event of his death, or their claims would be forfeit. After his death, news reached Villehardouin that a cousin of William, Robert of Champlitte, was on his way to claim the principality. Wishing to claim the principality for himself, Villehardouin, with the assistance of Venice, placed various obstacles in Robert's way, including ensuring that he had to wait in Venice for two months before embarking, and once Robert reached Achaea, the time window stipulated by William had passed. Having obtained the principality through legal quibbles and fraud, Villehardouin was then proclaimed as the new Prince of Achaea.[2]

Villehardouin dynasty (1210–1278)

See also: Villehardouin family
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Angevin domination (1278–1396)

House of Anjou (1278–1289)

See also: Capetian House of Anjou
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Houses of Villehardouin, Avesnes and Savoy (1289–1307)

See also: Villehardouin family, Avesnes family, and House of Savoy
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In 1307, Charles II revoked the position of Isabella and Philip I, on the grounds that their marriage having happened without his consent (despite having recognized Philip earlier) and Philip's refusal to assist Charles II in the king's campaigns against the Despotate of Epirus. Isabella and Florent had been granted the principality in 1289 on the condition that Isabella did not remarry without Charles II's consent in the event of Florent's death and Philip's refusal to aid Charles II constituted a gross breach of the feudal code. Isabella's eldest daughter, Matilda of Hainaut, may have unsuccessfully attempted to claim the principality in the immediate aftermath of her parents' deposition but was blocked from doing so by the local nobility, who awaited orders from Naples. Instead of seizing Achaea for himself once more, Charles bestowed it on his favorite son, Philip of Taranto, who soon after arrived in Achaea and received the allegiance of the local barons. To ensure that Isabella and Philip did not attempt to reclaim Achaea, their claims were also purchased and the couple were promised to County of Alba on the shores of the Fucine Lake as compensation.[12]

House of Anjou (1307–1313)

See also: Capetian House of Anjou
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In 1313, Philip II married Catherine of Valois, the titular Latin Empress, who had up until their marriage arrangements been betrothed to Hugh V, Duke of Burgundy. In order to compensate the House of Burgundy, it was arranged that Louis of Burgundy, Hugh V's younger brother, would marry Matilda of Hainaut, the eldest daughter of Isabella of Villehardouin, and that the two would then be granted the Principality of Achaea.[14] After marriage, however, Louis and Matilda delayed in travelling to Greece and in the meantime, the usurper Ferdinand of Majorca seized control of the principality.[15]

House of Barcelona (1315–1316)

See also: House of Barcelona
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Houses of Avesnes and Bourbon (1316–1321)

See also: Avesnes family and House of Bourbon
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After she was widowed in 1316, King Robert of Naples ruled that Matilda should marry his younger brother, John of Gravina, as part of a scheme to once more return the principality to the House of Anjou. Matilda however refused, and there was also protest from Odo IV of Burgundy, the brother and designated heir of Louis. Matilda was however brought to Naples by force and in 1318 compelled to go through with the marriage ceremony to John. Still defiant, the princess was brought before Pope John XXII at Avignon and there ordered to obey. Even when forced to marry by the pope, Matilda refused and replied that she had already married the Burgundian knight Hugh de La Palice, whom she was very attached to. This secret marriage gave Robert the excuse to revoke her position as Princess of Achaea, as she had not been allowed to marry without his consent per the agreements that preceded her elevation to the position. After a brief forced marriage to John, Matilda was imprisoned and the principality was simply bestowed upon John directly.[19]

House of Anjou (1318–1381)

See also: Capetian House of Anjou
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House of Baux (1381–1383)

See also: House of Baux
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Interregnum (1383–1396)

James of Baux died childless in 1383, which left his hired army, the Navarrese Company, as the sole authority in Achaea. The commanders of the Navarrese Company, Mahiot de Coquerel (until 1386) and Peter of San Superano (after 1386) kept up the pretense that they were representatives of the Kings of Naples, the closest and strongest of the possible claimants to the principality, but they were for all intents and purposes rulers of an independent realm.[28]

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In addition to the nominal princes listed above, there were also numerous other rival claimants that rose during this time:[30]

  • Louis I of Anjou – designated heir of James of Baux.[30]
  • Louis II, Duke of Bourbon – nephew and designated heir of Maria I of Bourbon (who ruled as princess 1364–1370).[31]
  • Amadeo of Savoy – grandson of Philip I of Savoy (who ruled as prince 1300–1307).[31]
  • Juan Fernández de Heredia, Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller – sought to regain the principality for the Knights Hospitaller, eventually succeeded in purchasing the claims of Marie of Blois, though the sale was contested by Amadeo of Savoy and Antipope Clement VII annulled it.[31]
See also: Zaccaria
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Timeline

Centurione II ZaccariaMaria II ZaccariaPedro de San SuperanoLadislaus of NaplesCharles III of NaplesJames of BauxOtto, Duke of Brunswick-GrubenhagenJoanna I of NaplesPhilip II, Prince of TarantoMarie de Bourbon, Princess of AchaeaRobert, Prince of TarantoCatherine of Valois–CourtenayJohn, Duke of DurazzoLouis of BurgundyMatilda of HainautFerdinand of MajorcaPhilip I, Prince of TarantoPhilip I of PiedmontFlorent of HainautIsabella of VillehardouinCharles II of NaplesCharles I of AnjouWilliam of VillehardouinGeoffrey II of VillehardouinGeoffrey I of VillehardouinWilliam of ChamplitteCapetian House of AnjouCapetian House of AnjouCapetian House of AnjouVillehardouin familyCapetian House of AnjouVillehardouin family

Later claimants

Portrait of Thomas Palaiologos, who inherited Centurione Zaccaria's lands in 1432

Upon the death of Centurione Zaccaria in 1432, his territories were inherited by Thomas Palaiologos, Despot of the Morea, who had married Centurione's daughter and heir, Catherine Zaccaria.[39][35] Although Thomas thus ruled portions of the Peloponnese, including all of Centurione's former territory, and had inherited the title through his marriage with Catherine, he never used it, and the Principality of Achaea came to an end.[39][35] Some modern historians consider Thomas Palaiologos to have been the Prince of Achaea from 1432 to 1460,[23][40] though that is a modern historiographical designation for him. Thomas Palaiologos's inheritance did not go completely unchallenged.

The line of John Asen Zaccaria

In 1453, John Asen Zaccaria, the son of Centurione from his marriage with a woman of the Palaiologos Asen clan,[41] reclaimed his father's title and declared war against Thomas and his brother Demetrios. Unlike Thomas, John was confirmed as a legitimate Prince by the King of Naples Alfonso, and also by Venice.[42] The recognition by Naples was a gesture of great significance due to the Crown of Naples being the suzerain of the Principality of Achaea since the Treaty of Viterbo that was signed in 1267 between Charles I of Anjou and William II of Villehardouin and the only legitimate force with the power to appoint Princes.[43] It was also Naples and King Ladislaus that had also confirmed Centurione II, father of John, as Prince on 1404 and deprived Maria Zaccaria of her power as reigning princess.[44] However, Thomas and his Turkish allies were victorious and John sought shelter in Venetian Modon and later in Italy. There he continued to be regarded as the legitimate Prince of Achaea by the Papacy. The Popes offered to John -"domino Johanni Zaccarie olim Amoree principi"- a symbolic pension of twenty florins a month.[45] Zaccaria was also recognised as titular Prince of Morea by the city of Genoa, where he offered a precious reliquary, the so called Zaccaria Cross that presumably contained pieces of the True Cross belonging to St John the Evangelist.[46]

Imposter Pretenders

Some impostor pretenders to Byzantine descent historically claimed the position. From the late 15th century to 1530, the Albanian exile Constantine Arianiti claimed the title "Duke of Achaea", among others.[47] Later in the 16th century, the title might have been claimed by Giovanni Demetrio Angeli (1499–1571), part of the Angelo Flavio Comneno family, which claimed descent from the Byzantine Angelos dynasty.[48]

The Tocco claims 1642–1933

On 4 November 1642, Philip IV of Spain confirmed through a royal diploma the right of Antonio di Tocco to style himself as the titular Prince of Achaea,[49] even if historically the Kingdom of Spain had no legitimate feudal rights under the Principality so to confirm its rulers, a right only reserved for the Angevin house of Naples. Though his ancestors had not used the title for more than two hundred years, Antonio held a legitimate claim to it, being descended from Thomas Palaiologos and Catherine Zaccaria in the female line.[50] The last fully documented and certain male-line descendants of Thomas Palaiologos died off in the early 16th century[51][lower-alpha 1] and the Tocco family were descended from Thomas's eldest daughter, Helena Palaiologina.[58] The last member of this titular line was Maria Maddalena Capece Galeota that died on 1933.

Notes

  1. After Thomas's death in 1465, his claims were taken up by his eldest son, Andreas Palaiologos, who died in 1502.[52] Andreas is commonly believed to not have left any descendants.[53] If Andreas was childless, his heir would have been his younger brother, Manuel Palaiologos, who had moved back to Constantinople and lived under Ottoman rule. Manuel died at some point in the reign of Sultan Bayezid II (r. 1481–1512).[54] Manuel's only documented son to reach adulthood, named Andreas Palaiologos after Manuel's brother, converted to Islam and died in the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent (r. 1520–1566).[55] Manuel's son is not believed to have had children of his own.[56] Though later members of the family are attested, the abundance of people unrelated to the imperial dynasty who bore the name, and forgers, makes the lineage of any later Palaiologoi uncertain and questionable.[57]

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Bibliography

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