Pénélope is an opera in three acts by the French composer Gabriel Fauré. The libretto, by René Fauchois is based on Homer's Odyssey. It was first performed at the Salle Garnier, Monte Carlo, on 4 March 1913. The piece is dedicated to Camille Saint-Saëns.^[1]

In 1907 the Wagnerian soprano Lucienne Bréval encountered Fauré in Monte Carlo.^[2] She expressed surprise that he had never written an opera, and introduced him to the young René Fauchois, who had recently written a play based on the section of the Odyssey dealing with Ulysses' return to Ithaca.^[3] Work on the score was slow because Fauré's teaching and administrative duties as head of the Paris Conservatoire left him only the summer holidays free for composing.^[4] For this reason he asked Fauchois to reduce the libretto from five to three acts and to cut the character of Ulysses' son Telemachus.^[2]

Fauré worked on the opera each summer between 1907 and 1912. He orchestrated most of the piece himself, in contrast with his frequent practice of delegating orchestration to one of his students. However, at the end of October 1912 he had orchestrated only half the score; with the premiere announced for the following March he recognised that with his commitments to the Conservatoire entrance examinations he needed the help of an assistant to ensure that the score was completed in time.^[5] For the sections that least interested him,^{[n 1]} he recruited Fernand Pecoud, a composer and violinist in the orchestra of the Concerts Hasselmans.^{[6][n 2]} The opera is scored for an orchestra of full symphonic strength, with triple woodwind and a full complement of strings.^[5]

It is often stated that Fauré was one of the composers of his generation least influenced by Wagner. However, for Pénélope he adopted essential elements of Wagner's compositional technique: character and themes represented by leitmotifs, continuous music with no individual arias^[8] and requiring the two main roles to have voices of heroic quality. In Fauré's late style, "tonality is stretched hard, without breaking."^[9]

The premiere at Monte Carlo was not a great success, partly because the director of the theatre, Raoul Gunsbourg, was more concerned with promoting his own opera, Vénise, which made its debut four days later.^[10] Fauré was not greatly troubled at the modest success of the piece: he regarded the Monte Carlo production as "a rehearsal for Paris", where the work was to be given two months later.^[1] Pénélope was rapturously received at the Théâtre des Champs-Elysées in Paris on 10 May 1913.^[10] Several newspapers from foreign countries thought it worthwhile sending their critics to the premiere. The New York Herald and The Daily Mail of London both praised the work highly, though Die Neue Zeitschrift für Musik was unconvinced by Fauré's music, finding it cold.^[11] Fauchois was praised for changing details of Homer's story to accommodate Fauré's delicate style.^[12] The Paris cast was headed by Bréval, with Lucien Muratore as Ulysse, Cécile Thévenet as Euryclée and Paul Blancard as Eumée. Muratore in particular was considered a great improvement on his Monte Carlo counterpart.^[13]

The piece was only very briefly the principal topic of discussion in Parisian musical circles: less than three weeks after the premiere of the opera the Théâtre des Champs-Elysées was the venue for the first performance of The Rite of Spring. The scandal at and after the ballet's premiere preoccupied the French press, and Fauré's opera was hardly mentioned.^[14] A second blow to the fame of Pénélope was the financial collapse and near bankruptcy of the theatre six months after the premiere. The sets and costumes had to be sold.^[14]

The Opéra-Comique took Pénélope into its repertoire on 20 January 1919, with a cast including Germaine Lubin in the title role and Charles Rousselière as Ulysse and Félix Vieuille as Eumée, conducted by François Ruhlmann. Later revivals were conducted by Albert Wolff (1922), Désiré-Émile Inghelbrecht (1924, with Claire Croiza in the title role), and Wolff again in 1927 and 1931, totalling 63 performances.^[15] On 14 March 1943 the Paris Opera staged Pénélope, conducted by Ruhlmann, with Lubin in the title role.^[15]

The US premiere was in 1945, in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The UK premiere was a student production at the Royal Academy of Music in 1970.^[9] The opera was staged at the Wexford Festival in 2005, conducted by Jean-Luc Tingaud, with Nora Sourouzian in the title role and Gerard Powers as Ulysse.^[16]

• Pénélope: Régine Crespin, Raoul Jobin, Robert Massard, Christiane Gayraud, Choir and Orchestra of RTF, conducted by Désiré-Émile Inghelbrecht (live recording from 1956, GOP, 2007)
• Pénélope: Jessye Norman, Alain Vanzo, José van Dam, Michèle Command, Ensemble Vocal Jean Laforge, Orchestre Philharmonique de Monte Carlo, conducted by Charles Dutoit (Erato, 1982)