Qo_Xiong_language

Xong language

Xong language

Hmongic language of south-central China

For the Western Pearic language of Cambodia and Thailand, see Chong language. For the Limbu of Nepal, who are also called Xong, see Limbu people.

The Xong language (Dut Xonb [tu53 ɕõ35])[2] is the northernmost Hmongic language, spoken in south-central China by around 0.9 million people. It is called Xiangxi Miaoyu (湘西苗语, "Western Hunan Miao") in Chinese, as well as Eastern Miao (东部苗语). In Western sources, it has been called Meo, Red Miao, and North Hmongic.[3] An official alphabet was adopted in 1956.

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Distribution

Xong is spoken mainly in Hunan province, but also in a few areas of Guizhou and Hubei provinces, Guangxi, and Chongqing municipality in China. Xong-speaking communities, by county, are:[4]

Classification

Xong was classified in its own branch of the Hmongic family in Strecker (1987). Xiang (1999)[4] divided Xong into western and eastern dialects. Matisoff (2001) considered these to be two distinct languages, but Matisoff (2006) consolidated them into one. Yang (2004)[6] divides each of these dialects into three subdialects, as listed below. Speaker populations and locations are from Li and Li (2012).[7]

  • Western (includes standardized Xong)
    • Lect 1 (autonym: qo35 ɕoŋ35): Jiwei 吉卫, Huayuan County; 769,000 speakers in the counties of Fenghuang (except Baren 叭仁乡), most of Huayuan, southern Jishou, Xinhuang, Mayang, Songtao, parts of Rongjiang, parts of Ziyun, Xiushan, parts of Nandan, parts of Hechi, and parts of Du'an.
    • Lect 2 (autonym: qo54 ɕoŋ54): Yangmeng 阳孟, Jishou; 120,000 speakers in the counties of eastern Huayuan, western and northern Jishou, eastern Baojing, southwestern Guzhang, Fenghuang (in Baren 叭仁乡), and Xuan'en.
    • Lect 3 (autonym: o55 ɕaŋ55): Zhongxin 中心, Baojing County; 30,000 speakers in southeastern Baojing County.
  • Eastern
    • Lect 4 (autonym: te53 suɑŋ53): Xiaozhang 小章, Luxi County; 6,000 speakers in and around Xiaozhang, Luxi County
    • Lect 5 (autonym: ɡɔ35 sɤ53): Danqing 丹青, Jishou; 48,000 speakers in the counties of northwestern Luxi, eastern Jishou, and southeastern Guzhang.
    • Lect 6 (autonym: bja22 sã44 nɤ44): Dengshang 蹬上, Longshan County; 300 speakers in southern Longshan County and Yongshun County (in Shouche 首车乡).

He Fuling (2009) describes a western Qo Xiong dialect of Gouliang Ethnic Miao Village, Ala Township, Fenghuang County (凤凰县阿拉镇勾良苗寨).

Chen (2009)[8] describes a western Qo Xiong dialect of Daxing Town 大兴镇, Songtao County, Guizhou.

Phonology and script

A written standard based on the Western dialect in Làyǐpíng (腊乙坪) village and Jíwèi (吉卫) town, Huāyuán county, Xiangxi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture was established in 1956.

More information Labial, Alveolar ...
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Xong Consonant Orthography
p⟨b⟩pʰ⟨p⟩ᵐp⟨nb⟩mpʰ⟨np⟩m⟨m⟩m̥ʰ⟨hm⟩
pʴ⟨bl⟩pɹʰ⟨pl⟩mpɹʰ⟨npl⟩mʴ⟨ml⟩
t⟨d⟩tʰ⟨t⟩ⁿt⟨nd⟩ntʰ⟨nt⟩l̥ʰ⟨hl⟩n⟨n⟩n̥ʰ⟨hn⟩
ts⟨z⟩tsʰ⟨c⟩ⁿts⟨nz⟩ntsʰ⟨nc⟩s⟨s⟩ f ⟨f⟩
tɕ ⟨j⟩tɕʰ⟨q⟩ᶮtɕ⟨nj⟩ntɕʰ⟨nq⟩ɕ⟨x⟩ʑ⟨y⟩
ʈ⟨zh⟩ʈʰ⟨ch⟩ᶯʈ⟨nzh⟩ɳʈʰ⟨nch⟩ʂ⟨sh⟩ʐ⟨r⟩ɳ⟨nh⟩
k⟨g⟩kʰ⟨k⟩ᵑk⟨ngg⟩ŋkʰ⟨nk⟩
q⟨gh⟩qʰ⟨kh⟩ᶰq⟨ngh⟩ɴqʰ⟨nkh⟩
w⟨w⟩h⟨h⟩

[dubious – discuss]

Xong Vowel Orthography
i⟨i⟩u ⟨u⟩
iu⟨iu⟩
ɑ⟨a⟩iɑ⟨ia⟩uɑ⟨ua⟩
o⟨o⟩io⟨io⟩
e⟨e⟩ie⟨ie⟩ue⟨ue⟩
ei⟨ei⟩uei⟨ui⟩
a⟨ea⟩ia⟨iea⟩ua⟨uea⟩
ɔ⟨ao⟩iɔ⟨iao⟩
ɤ⟨eu⟩iɤ⟨ieu⟩uɤ⟨ueu⟩
ɯ⟨ou⟩iɯ⟨iou⟩uɯ⟨uou⟩
ɛ⟨an⟩iɛ⟨ian⟩uɛ⟨uan⟩
en⟨en⟩ien⟨in⟩uen⟨un⟩
ɑŋ⟨ang⟩iɑŋ⟨iang⟩uɑŋ⟨uang⟩
oŋ⟨ong⟩ioŋ⟨iong⟩
More information Tone, IPA ...

References

  1. [1]
    Western Xiangxi Miao at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
    Eastern Xiangxi Miao at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  2. [2]
    Sposato, Adam (2015). A Grammar of Xong (PDF) (PhD thesis). University at Buffalo. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2022-08-10.
  3. [3]
    Ratliff, Martha (2010). Hmong–Mien language history. Canberra, Australia: Pacific Linguistics. hdl:1885/146760. ISBN 978-0-85883-615-0.
  4. [4]
    Xiang, Rizheng 向日征 (1999). Jíwèi Miáoyǔ yánjiū 吉卫苗语硏究 [A Study of Jiwei Miao] (in Chinese). Chengdu: Sichuan renmin chubanshe.
  5. [5]
    Guangxi Zhuangzu zizhiqu shaoshu minzu yuyan wenzi gongzuo weiyuanhui [Guangxi Minority Languages Orthography Committee] (2008). Guǎngxī mínzú yǔyán fāngyīn cíhuì 广西民族语言方音词汇 [Vocabularies of Guangxi Ethnic Languages] (in Chinese). Beijing: Minzu chubanshe.
  6. [6]
    Yang, Zaibiao 杨再彪 (2004). Miáoyǔ dōngbù fāngyán tǔyǔ bǐjiào 苗语东部方言土语比较 (in Chinese). Beijing: Minzu chubanshe.
  7. [7]
    Li, Jinping 李锦平; Li, Tianyi 李天翼 (2012). Miáoyǔ fāngyán bǐjiào yánjiū 苗语方言比较研究 [A Comparative Study of Miao Dialects] (in Chinese). Chengdu: Xinan jiaotong daxue chubanshe.
  8. [8]
    Chen, Hong 陈宏 (2009). Guìzhōu Sōngtáo Dàxīngzhèn Miáoyǔ yánjiū 贵州松桃大兴镇苗语研究 (Ph.D. thesis) (in Chinese). Nankai daxue.

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