Resolutions_of_the_People's_Consultative_Assembly

Resolutions of the People's Consultative Assembly

Resolutions of the People's Consultative Assembly

Resolutions of the People's Consultative Assembly

The People's Consultative Assembly, the bicameral legislature of Indonesia, passed a series of resolutions of the People's Consultative Assembly (Indonesian: Ketetapan Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat) or TAP MPR throughout the 1960s, to the very last issued in 2003.

List of MPR and MPRS resolutions

As between 1960 and 1971 no election for the MPR members happened, the assembly were formed in a provisional measure, known as the Provisional People's Consultative Assembly (Indonesian: Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat Republik Sementara Indonesia), which issued TAP MPRs, though there were no difference between the resolutions issued by either by MPRS or MPR.

Resolutions of the MPRS, 1960–1968

The beginning of Sukarno's Guided Democracy were marked with the return to the 1945 Constitution, replacing the parliamentary 1950 Provisional Constitution. With it the formation of Provisional People's Consultative Assembly , which the 1945 constitution prescribed that it consisted of members of the People's Representative Council, regional representatives (Indonesian: Utusan-utusan Daerah), and sectoral representatives (Indonesian: Utusan-utusan Golongan). Prior to this, in 1955, Indonesia held its first legislative election, and thus the 1955–1960 members of the DPR were popularly elected (which at this point they were considered transitional in nature, until next election).[1]

In March 1960, the DPR unexpectedly rejected President Sukarno's government budget plan. He then proceeded to dissolve the DPR and replaced it with the People's Representative Council-Mutual Assistance (Indonesian: Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat-Gotong Royong), Its members were no longer the previously elected representatives, but rather the president's appointee, who could be appointed or dismissed by the president's will.[2][3]

More information Year, Session ...

Resolutions of the MPR, 1973–2003

On 3 July 1971, Indonesian government managed to hold a long-delayed legislative election which had been planned to follow the first election in 1955.[4][5]

Two years after the election, between 12-24 March 1973, the 920 members of the People's Consultative Assembly,[note 11] which were composed of members of the People's Representative Council, representatives of the armed forces, as well as regional representatives, were able to held the first general session of the MPR in Jakarta, which proceeded to formally elect Suharto as President of Indonesia and Hamengkubuwono IX as Vice President of Indonesia.[note 12] As the Speaker of the MPR for this session is Idham Chalid, who also served as Speaker of the DPR. In total, eleven Resolutions were enacted during 1973 General Session.[4]

The next MPR met in session was during the 1978 General Session of the MPR, formed as result of the 1977 election. Since then, MPR met at least once in every five years, with the speaker of the DPR also served as the speaker of the MPR.

Sectoral representation to the Assembly was restored in 1984.

More information Year, Session ...

Under Resolution number I/MPR/2003, every MPR and MPRS resolutions enacted prior to this were reviewed in its material value and legal status. The MPR then grouped all 139 remaining resolutions into six categories, as follows:

More information Status (in English), Status (in Indonesian) ...

Meanwhile under the following Resolution number II/MPR/2003 on the fifth amendment of the 1999 MPR Rules of Procedure, the assembly renounced its authority to issue further Resolutions and Broad Outlines of State Policy, and limited its authority on seven items, as follows:

  • Amend and enact the 1945 Constitution of Indonesia;
  • Inaugurate the President and/or Vice President;
  • Dismiss the President and/or Vice President within their office term;
  • Elect the President/and or Vice President in the event of their office left vacant;
  • Amend and enact MPR Rules of Procedure;
  • Elect and Inaugurate leaderships of the MPR; and
  • Hear the President's accountability speech regarding the government's performance on the 1999-2004 Broad Outlines of State Policy.

Reformasi period

See also: Law of Indonesia

On the 2004 General Session, the MPR heard its last presidential accountability speech. From 2004 onward, president and vice president were directly elected in a general election, and thus MPR lost its power to elect president and vice president, or to decide on a president's accountability.[6][7][8] In addition, MPR lost its supremacy over other state institutions and its right as the sole executor of the people's sovereignty, and is also on equal footing as other state institutions, i.e. the President and the Supreme Court.

Under Article 2 and 3 of the Constitution and the 2014 Legislatures Act (Indonesian: Undang-Undang Nomor 17/2004 tentang Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat, Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat, Dewan Perwakilan Daerah, dan Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah),[9] which later amended in 2014,[10] 2018,[11] and 2019,[12] and supplemented by various other laws, authority of the MPR is limited to:[13]

  • Amend and enact the Constitution of Indonesia;
  • Inaugurate the President-elect and Vice President-elect in a plenary session;
  • Remove the President and/or Vice President within their office term, following DPR's articles of impeachment have been found to be proven by the Constitutional Court in a decision, and after the president and/or vice president were given chance to explain their action in a plenary session;
  • Inaugurate the vice president as President in the event of the president's death in office, resignation from office, dismissal from office, or unable to perform their duties;
  • Elect a vice president from two candidates submitted by the President within sixty days, in the event of the vice-president office were left vacant ;
  • Elect a president and vice president in the event of both persons left their office vacant at the same time within their office term within thirty days, from a list of two pairs of president- and vice-president-candidate submitted by a political party or a coalition of parties whose presidential pair managed to achieve the most and second-most votes in the previous election, to serve until the end of the office term;
  • Enact the MPR Rules of Procedure and MPR Code of Ethics.

Meanwhile, the remaining MPR Resolution were still included within the official Indonesian hierarchy of legislations, only below the Constitution, but above Acts and Government Regulations in-lieu-of Acts.[14]

Notes

  1. [N 1]
    Political Manifesto of the Republic of Indonesia was President Sukarno's thoughts as stated in his 'Rediscovery of Our Revolution' [Penemuan Kembali Revolusi Kita] speech, which was read in Indonesian Independence Day, 17 August 1959, shortly after the 1959 Decree was proclaimed, that were researched mostly by the Supreme Advisory Council (at the time evolved into a state think tank) as a philosophical guideline for Indonesia, later enacted as an official Broad Outlines of State Policy.
  2. [N 2]
    In Indonesian: 'Garis-Garis Besar Pola Pembangunan Nasional Semesta Berencana Tahapan Pertama 1961-1969'
  3. [N 3]
    short for "Genta Suara Revolusi Indonesia" which literally translates to "the echoes of Indonesian revolution"
  4. [N 4]
    short for "Tahun 'Vivere Pericoloso'", which literally translates to "the year of living dangerously". This title was then used as the title of an Australian novel which was then better known to be adapted into a film
  5. [N 5]
    The president's order referred to the Order of 11 March 1966 [Surat Perintah Sebelas Maret], popularly known by its Indonesian abbreviation 'Supersemar'. The order instructed its holder Gen. Suharto to take all measures deemed necessary to guarantee state and public security, following the 30 September Movement incident. Suharto later used the document to justify the ban on the Indonesian Communist Party and communism teachings, as well as to arrest various cabinet and parliament members. This would lead to the fall of Sukarno and the rise of Suharto to the presidency.
  6. [N 6]
    'Ampera Heroes' referred to thirteen individuals who died while protesting against perceived communist-infested government during the final years of the Old Order of Sukarno. They posthumously granted the title 'Ampera Heroes' by MPR, though throughout Suharto's presidency their names and role seemed to be forgotten, nor any law to execute the MPR Resolution were ever enacted. It was only in 2009 through the Honors and Awards Act (UU No. 20/2009) their existence were acknowledged, albeit implicitly, with the inclusion of Ampera Heroes as National Heroes of Indonesia in the elucidation attachment.
  7. [N 7]
    Various forms of 'His Excellency'.
  8. [N 8]
    Various forms of 'Sir/Madam'.
  9. [N 9]
    MPR removed Sukarno as President, with Suharto governing as Acting President until next year.
  10. [N 10]
    Suharto was formally elected President by MPR, the first 5-year-term until his resignation on his seventh in 1998.
  11. [N 11]
    The assembly no longer carry the prefix 'Provisional'.
  12. [N 12]
    First elected vice president of Indonesia since Mohammad Hatta, who resigned from the office in 1956.
  13. [N 13]
    Hamengkubuwono IX, the Sultan of Yogyakarta, was elected 2nd Vice President.
  14. [N 14]
    Due to disillusionment with Suharto's autocracy, Hamengkubuwono IX rejected his vice-presidential nomination. Adam Malik, the chairman of MPR, was elected 3rd Vice President.
  15. [N 15]
    Umar Wirahadikusumah, chairman of the Audit Board of Indonesia, was elected 4th Vice President.
  16. [N 16]
    Sudharmono, chairman of the ruling Golkar party, was elected 5th Vice President.
  17. [N 17]
    Try Sutrisno, former Commander of the Armed Forces, was nominated by the military ABRI Faction, PDI Faction, and PPP Faction, but not nominated by Suharto or the ruling Golkar party. In order to avoid conflict with the military, Suharto accepted the nomination, and Sutrisno was elected 6th Vice President.
  18. [N 18]
    Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie, the State Minister of Research and Technology and Chair of Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology, was elected 7th Vice President.
  19. [N 19]
    President Habibie's accountability speech was rejected by the MPR, and thus he cancelled his nomination for reelection.
  20. [N 20]
    Abdurrahman Wahid, chairman of the PKB party, managed to form the Central Axis, a coalition of Islamic and secular parties in opposition to Megawati's PDI-P. Following Habibie's withdrawal from the presidential race, Golkar threw their support behind Wahid. Thus, Wahid was elected 4th President of Indonesia.
  21. [N 21]
    Megawati was endorsed and encouraged to join Wahid as his vice president following the latter's loss in the presidential race. She would be elected 8th Vice President.
  22. [N 22]
    Hamzah Haz, chairman of PPP party, was elected 9th Vice President.

References

  1. [1]
    "Penetapan Presiden Republik Indonesia Nomor 1 Tahun 1959 - Wikisource bahasa Indonesia". id.wikisource.org (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2022-02-23.
  2. [2]
    BPHN. Presidential Decision number 4/1960.
  3. [3]
    Media, Kompas Cyber (2021-09-27). "Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Gotong Royong (DPR-GR) Halaman all". KOMPAS.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2022-02-23.
  4. [4]
    Permana, Rakhmad Hidayatulloh. "Kilas Balik Zaman Orba Saat Presiden Dipilih oleh MPR". detiknews (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2022-02-23.
  5. [5]
    Sagala, Budiman B. (1978-07-01). "Beberapa Perbandingan Ketetapan-Ketetapan MPR & Permasalahannya". Jurnal Hukum & Pembangunan. 8 (3): 270–282. doi:10.21143/jhp.vol8.no3.772 (inactive 2024-04-24). ISSN 2503-1465.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of April 2024 (link)
  6. [6]
    Zae. "Tahun 2004, Presiden Harus Berikan Pidato Pertanggungjawaban Pelaksanaan GBHN". hukumonline.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2022-02-23.
  7. [7]
    "Sidang Tahunan Akan Tetap Menilai Pidato Presiden". Tempo. 22 September 2004.
  8. [8]
    "Mega: Hasil Pilpres II Masih Harus Ditunggu Sesuai Aturan". detiknews (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2022-02-23.
  9. [9]
    "UU No. 17 Tahun 2014 tentang Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat, Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat, Dewan Perwakilan Daerah, dan Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah [JDIH BPK RI]". peraturan.bpk.go.id. Retrieved 2022-02-26.
  10. [10]
    "UU No. 42 Tahun 2014 tentang Perubahan atas Undang-Undang Nomor 17 Tahun 2014 Tentang Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat, Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat, Dewan Perwakilan Daerah, dan Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah [JDIH BPK RI]". peraturan.bpk.go.id. Retrieved 2022-02-26.
  11. [11]
    "UU No. 2 Tahun 2018 tentang Perubahan Kedua atas Undang-Undang Nomor 17 Tahun 2014 tentang Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat, Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat, Dewan Perwakilan Daerah, dan Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah [JDIH BPK RI]". peraturan.bpk.go.id. Retrieved 2022-02-26.
  12. [12]
    "UU No. 13 Tahun 2019 tentang Perubahan Ketiga atas Undang-Undang Nomor 17 Tahun 2014 tentang Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat, Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat, Dewan Perwakilan Daerah, dan Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah [JDIH BPK RI]". peraturan.bpk.go.id. Retrieved 2022-02-26.
  13. [13]
    BSID-MPR. "MPR RI". mpr.go.id. Retrieved 2022-02-26.
  14. [14]
    "Law No. 12 of 2011 on Establishment of laws and regulations". www.flevin.com. Retrieved 2022-02-23.
Share this article:

This article uses material from the Wikipedia article Resolutions_of_the_People's_Consultative_Assembly, and is written by contributors. Text is available under a CC BY-SA 4.0 International License; additional terms may apply. Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.