Detection of the SARS-CoV2-Virus

The RT-LAMP technique is being supported as a cheaper and easier alternative to RT-PCR for the early diagnostics of people that are infectious for COVID-19.^[6] There are open access test designs (including the recombinant proteins) which makes it legally possible for anyone to produce a test. In contrast to classic rapid tests by lateral flow, RT-LAMP allows the early diagnosis of the disease by testing the viral RNA. ^[7]

The tests can be done without previous RNA-isolation, detecting the viruses directly from swabs^[8] or from saliva. ^[9]

Detection of non-human viruses

One example of use case of RT-LAMP was as an experiment to detect a new duck Tembusu-like, BYD virus, named after the region, Baiyangdian, where it was first isolated^[10][11][1] Another recent application of this method, was in a 2013 experiment to detect an Akabane virus using RT-LAMP. The experiment, done in China, isolated the virus from aborted calf fetuses.^[12]

Detection of body fluids

RT-LAMP is also being used in Forensic Serology to identify body fluids. Researchers have done experiments to show that this method can effectively identify certain body fluids. Knowing there would be limitations, Su et al, come to the conclusion that RT-LAMP was only able to identify blood.^[13][14]

Reverse transcription

A specific sequence of the cDNA is detected by 4 LAMP primers. Two of them are inner primers (FIP and BIP), which serve as base for the Bst enzyme copy the template into a new DNA. The outer primers(F3 and B3) anneal to the template strand and help the reaction to proceed.

As in the case of RT-PCR, the RT-LAMP procedure starts by making DNA from the sample RNA. This conversion is made by a reverse transcriptase, an enzyme derived from retroviruses capable of making such a conversion.^[15] This DNA derived from RNA is called cDNA, or complementary DNA. The FIP primer is used by the reverse transcriptase to build a single-strand of copy DNA. The F3 primer binds to this side of the template strand as well, and displaces the previously made copy.

Amplification

This displaced, single-stranded copy is a mixture of target RNA and primers. The primers are designed to have a sequence that binds to the sequence itself, forming a loop.

The BIP primer binds to the other end of this single strand and is used by the Bst DNA polymerase to build a complementary strand, making double-strand DNA. The F3 primer binds to this end and displaces, once again, this newly generated single-stranded DNA molecule.

This new single strand that has been released will act as the starting point for the LAMP cycling amplification. This single-stranded DNA has a dumbbell-like structure as the ends fold and self-bind, forming two loops.

The DNA polymerase and the FIP or BIP primers keep amplifying this strand and the LAMP-reaction product is extended. This cycle can be started from either the forward or backward side of the strand using the appropriate primer. Once this cycle has begun, the strand undergoes self-primed DNA synthesis during the elongation stage of the amplification process. This amplification takes place in less an hour, under isothermal conditions between 60 and 65 °C.

Read out

The read out of RT-LAMP tests is frequently colorimetric. Two of the common ways are based on measuring either pH or magnesium ions. The amplification reaction causes pH to lower and Mg2+ levels to drop. This can be perceived by indicators, such as Phenol red, for pH, and hydroxynaphthol blue (HNB), for magnesium.^[15] Another option is to use SYBR Green I, a DNA intercalating coloring agent.^[16]