Political career

From 1984 to 1989, Bindi held the position of vice-president of Azione Cattolica, the most popular Italian Catholic lay association, with which she continues to be active.^[1][2][3] In 1989, she joined the DC, the ruling party of the First Italian Republic.^[8] In the 1989 European Parliament election in Italy, she was elected a member of the European Parliament, a position she held until 1994.^[9] During her period at the European Parliament, she was president of the Petitions and Citizens' Rights Commission.^[4] During her career, she was a follower of Giuseppe Dossetti, whom she met in Monteveglio, and was close to Tina Anselmi.^[9] After the dissolution of the DC in 1994, Bindi joined the PPI, of which she became regional secretary in Veneto,^[4] and later became a leading figure in The Olive Tree,^[3] the broad left-to-centre coalition led by Romano Prodi;^[10] later in the 2000s, she was also a lead figure of the DL.^[3]

Following the coalition's victory in the 1996 Italian general election, Bindi was named Minister of Health, a position she held in the governments led by Massimo D'Alema. During her tenure at the Ministry of Health, through Bindi's circolare of 2 December 1996,^{[nb 1]} electroshock therapy (ECT) was re-introduced in Italy to treat psychiatrized patients. It was later corrected through Bindi's circolare of 15 February 1999,^{[nb 2]} which limited the use of ECT in particular cases but did not totally revoke it.^[11][12][13] In 1999, she also reformed Italy's national health service, closely following Anselmi's reform of 1979.^[9] In addition to the restrictions on ECT, other reforms included the definitive closure of psychiatric hospitals, the bills on the rights and duties of cohabitations, which brought criticism from Catholics because too radical and from LGBT people because too moderate, and on equality between natural and legitimate children.^[9] Under Bindi, the Ministry of Health contributed to the rewriting of Title V of the Constitution of Italy with the redefinition of the relationship between state and territory in the healthcare sector.^[14]

In the 2001 Italian general election, Bindi was elected for the third time to the Chamber of Deputies in the constituency of Cortona representing the DL. After the victory of The Union in the 2006 Italian general election, she became Minister for the Family,^[4] serving in that post until the results of the 2008 Italian general election returned the Silvio Berlusconi-led centre-right coalition back to power. As Minister of the Family, she was responsible for the establishment of the First National Conference on the Family.^[14] One of the founders and strongest supporters of the PD,^[4][15] the result of a merge between the DC's centre-left-leaning legal successor parties with those of the Italian Communist Party, Bindi competed for the 2007 PD leadership election, and was the distant runner-up; she received 12.93% of the vote cast.^[16] She continued to work for the party, leading the Democrats Really faction,^[17] until the 2018 Italian general election, when she did not seek re-election,^[18] and ended her political career.^[19][20]

From 2008 to 2013, Bindi was the vice-president of the Chamber of Deputies.^[21] From 2009 to 2013, she was president of the PD.^[4] In the 2009 PD leadership election, Bindi supported eventual winner Pierluigi Bersani.^[14] She strongly criticized the 101 party deputies that did not vote for Prodi and thus sank his candidacy during the 2013 Italian presidential election.^[22][23] In the 2013 PD leadership election that ensued after Bersani resigned due to Prodi's failed candidacy, she did not endorse neither eventual winner Matteo Renzi nor Gianni Cuperlo, who succeeded her as the party's president; she said that she did not recognize herself in neither candidate.^[24][25] During the 2017 PD leadership election, Bindi voted for the runner-up Andrea Orlando.^[26] Later that same year, she said that the PD under Renzi had betrayed The Olive Tree and described it as Silvio Berlusconi's crutch.^[27] In 2018, Bindi called for the dissolution of the PD,^[28] a position she repeated in 2022.^[29] In an interview to La Repubblica on 12 February 2021, Bindi reiterated that she no longer recognized herself in the PD,^[30][31][32] and that is why she continues to not renew her PD membership card.^[2] In an interview to La Stampa that same day, she said: "I think it's time for women to run for party leadership."^[33] In the 2023 PD leadership election, Bindi did not endorse neither eventual winner Elly Schlein nor Stefano Bonaccini.^[34] Later that same year, she took part to a PD rally after many years. She clarified that she would not return to the party as a member.^[23]

President of the Antimafia Commission

In October 2013, Bindi was elected president of the Antimafia Commission. Bindi held the position until March 2018.^[4] In May 2015, the Antimafia Commision led by Bindi published a list of unpresentable candidates, including fellow PD member and Campania president candidate Vincenzo De Luca.^[35][36][37] In April 2017, the Antimafia Commission headed by Bindi invited the Guardia di Finanza to seize and make public the lists of 35,000 members of the four main Italian Masonic obediences.^[38][39][40] The lodges described the parliamentary inquiry as a witch-hunt. Bindi called the description made by Giuliano Di Bernardo, a Grand Master of the Grand Orient of Italy lodge at Palazzo Giustiniani in Rome who testified to the Antimafia Commission, a "truly separate order within the state".^[41] In December 2017, she said that the Sicilian Mafia and 'Ndrangheta were interested to Masonry.^[42] According to the Antimafia Commission, the secrecy of Freemasonry "is inconceivable in a democratic state".^[43] The final report, which said it was not about Masonry itself but rather "on the relational aspect of the mafias", concluded that there were organizations in which "there has been a sort of 'surrender' towards the mafia", with a control system which "has often proven ineffective ... above all due to the lack of will in this sense".^[44]

In March 2017, Bindi was the head of an Antimafia Commission about the alleged ties between the then Juventus chairman Andrea Agnelli and the 'Ndrangheta within the inquiry about alleged tickets sales to 'Ndrangheta members.^[45][46] Bindi commented: "The mafias in Italy even reach Juventus, this is clear."^[47] A supporter of Juventus rival Fiorentina, Bindi ironically congratulated Agnelli for winning the 2017 Coppa Italia final and sent her best wishes for the 2017 UEFA Champions League final but said that in the league she "must respect the pluralism of the fans".^[48][49][50] It later emerged that a wiretap implicating Agnelli, which Bindi had cited during a parliamentary audition in response to the objections of Agnelli's lawyer and the doubts of the then PD senator Stefano Esposito,^{[nb 3]} was fabricated by the public prosecutor Giuseppe Pecoraro, a supporter of Juventus rival Napoli who had said that he hoped Juventus would not win the scudetto, and Agnelli and the club were acquitted of the charge.^[51] Although Juventus was the only club investigated by sports justice, the Antimafia Commission report also cited Catania, Genoa, Lazio, and Napoli, and concluded that "the largely criminal background of the representatives of organized groups is the ideal humus to allow the infiltration of mafia-type organized crime" and that these cases "paint a varied picture". Bindi commented: "Football, as a body, is not healthy enough to consider itself immune from mafias, it is a world rich in money and the possibility of creating consensus."^{[52][nb 4]}

Post-retirement activities

Bindi's post-retirement activities included reports on mafia and information and on confiscated assets, the legislative proposals on the anti-mafia code and on witnesses of justice, the diffusion of the first list of the unpresentable in 2015, the seizure of the lists of Masonic lodges, the contribution to the working group on excommunication of mafias established in the Vatican, and the publication of some books, including La salute impaziente, Famiglia, Cattolica e democratica, and Quel che è di Cesare.^[9]

In 2018, Bindi was made honourary president of the Fundamental Health Law Association, which was founded together with health policy experts, doctors, epidemiologists, and jurists in defense of public health. She published several documents on the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy on the national health service and the risks of privatization of the public service.^[2] In 2020, Bindi joined the scientific committee of lavialibera, a bimonthly information and in-depth magazine on mafias, corruption, the environment, and migration directed by Luigi Ciotti.^[2] In May 2021, she joined a working group on excommunication of mafias established in the Vatican at the Dicastery for Promoting Integral Human Development, with the aim of following up on the excommunication of mafiosi pronounced by Pope Francis in Calabria on 21 June 2014.^[2] In June 2021, Bindi became a professor at the Pontifical University Antonianum, where she carries out training and research activities on the topics of legality and the fight against mafias in the analysis and study of criminal and mafia phenomenon, in collaboration with the Department of Liberating Maria from the mafias of the Pontifical Academy of Mary.^[2]

First-past-the-post elections