Turkey

A week after his arrival in Turkey, Khomeini was sent to Bursa and he stayed there for eleven months. He was hosted by a colonel in the Turkish Military intelligence named Ali Cetiner in his own residence.^[17] According to Turkish law, clerical dress was banned and Khomeini was never allowed to meet people. On 3 December 1964, his son, Mostafa, joined him.^[18] In his first days in Turkey, Khomeini was extremely angry at the secular dress of Turkish women, but he learned to adapt quickly to his new surroundings.^[19] Despite the bans on contact with Khomeini, he and his students – most notably future President Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani – would plot the successful assassination of Prime Minister Hassan-Ali Mansur as soon as Khomeini left Iran.^[20]

In Bursa, Khomeini possessed a great deal of spare time, with the result that he continued his studies and for the first time moved away from the "traditional" view of clerical involvement in politics.^[21] He wrote his second book, Tahrir al-Wasilah, and began to receive huge donations from Iranian supporters who already opposed the Shah's policies.^[22] The extent of donations to the Ayatollah caused the Shah and Turkish government to lift the ban on communication with his during the summer of 1965, and several clergy visited Khomeini – who was wearing secular garb – in Istanbul in 1965.^[22]

On September 5, 1965, Khomeini left Turkey and went to Najaf in Iraq.^[23]

The reasons for Khomeini's exile to Najaf by the Shah's regime are described as:^[18]

1. The regime hoped to diminish the role of Khomeini through competition with Iraqi Ulama like Abu al-Qasim al-Khoei^[24]
2. Because of intense pressure and popular protests.
3. Scholars and Khomeini's followers began to communicate with him in Bursa, donating so much money that the Ayatollah went from virtually penniless to very rich
4. A SAVAK agent thought that his presence made the Turkish people hostile toward the Shah's regime.^[25]

Iraq

On 8 September 1965, Khomeini entered Iraq^[23] and would spend thirteen years there. Iraq did not have good political relations with the Shah.^[26]

Khomeini and Mostafa entered Iraq. He went to Kadhimiya and stayed in the company of Mohammad al-Husayni al-Shirazi for two days before going to Karbala. From there he went to the city of Najaf.^[27] Initially, Khomeini was isolated by Iraq's Shi'a clergy because of his status as a foreigner and his radical teachings and support for terrorism;^[20] however, after a while Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr and other Iraqi clerics would join with Khomeini because they shared similar aims in establishing an Islamic state.^[20] Khomeini would also be helped in his first days in Iraq by then-President Abdul Salam Arif, who allowed the Ayatollah to set up and control an Iranian opposition radio station.^[20]

After a while, his wife Khadijeh Saqafi and second son Ahmad Khomeini joined them in Najaf.^[27] Khomeini began teaching Fiqh in the Sheikh Morteza Ansari Madrassah which captivated students mainly from Iran, Iraq, India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, and the Persian Gulf states.^[28] In April 1967, Khomeini wrote the two letters, once to Ulama in order to persuade them to attempt to overthrow the Shah's regime and another to Amir-Abbas Hoveyda, protesting the coronation of the Shah^[29] and condemning him for continued violation of both Islam and the constitution.^[30] Also, Khomeini forbade any type of dealing with Israel.^[31] Four years into his Iraqi exile, between 21 January and 8 February (1970), Khomeini gave lectures about Vilayat-e Faqīh ya Hukumat-i Islami, which in Shia Islam hold that Islam gives a faqīh (Islamic jurist) custodianship over people.^[32]

This became Khomeini's most famous and influential work, and laid out his ideas on governance (at that time):

• That the laws of society should be made up only of the laws of God (Sharia), which cover "all human affairs" and "provide instruction and establish norms" for every "topic" in "human life."^[32]
• Since Shariah, or Islamic law, is the proper law, those holding government posts should have knowledge of Sharia. Since Islamic jurists or faqīh have studied and are the most knowledgeable in Sharia, the country's ruler should be a faqīh who "surpasses all others in knowledge" of Islamic law and justice,^[33] (known as a marja'), as well as having intelligence and administrative ability. Rule by monarchs and/or assemblies of "those claiming to be representatives of the majority of the people" (i.e. elected parliaments and legislatures) has been proclaimed "wrong" by Islam.^[34]
• This system of clerical rule is necessary to prevent injustice, corruption, oppression by the powerful over the poor and weak, innovation and deviation of Islam and Sharia law; and also to destroy anti-Islamic influence and conspiracies by non-Muslim foreign powers.^[35] The theory in Shia Islam which holds that Islam gives a faqīh (Islamic jurist) custodianship over people.

To form an Islamic government, Two things were needed:^[36]

1. Overthrow of the Shah
2. Establishment of Shi'i theocracy

Khomeini had mooted this theory as early as the middle 1940s in his first book Kashf al-Asrar.^[28]

From 1971 to 1975, Khomeini demonstrated vehement opposition to the 2,500 year celebration of the Persian Empire, and the changing of the Iranian calendar from Hijri to Imperial (Shahanshahi).^[31] During this era, the Shah considered exiling Khomeini, to India, because he believed doing so would make communication between Khomeini and his followers in Iran impossible,^[31] but for an unrevealed reason this plan was never executed. Khomeini was also faced with hostility from the Ba'ath regime, which began so hostile to his brand of Islam as the Shah.^[37]

In November 1977, the Shah's overthrow began with the assassination of Khomeini's son, Mostafa, by SAVAK,^[31][28] although this is disputed, as SAVAK had many opportunities to eliminate Khomeini, but never did.

France

On September 24, 1978, according to a meeting held in New York City between Iraqi and Iranian foreign minister,^[38] Khomeini was forced by Iraqi strongman Saddam Hussein to leave Najaf, although the Shah and Hussein had begun plans to expel Khomeini as early as 1975.^[39] Khomeini preferred to go to another Muslim country, and obtained a visa for Kuwait,^[40] but was turned back at the border because he had obtained the visa under the name “Ruhollah Mustafavi”.^[41] Khomeini's next preference was to go to Syria – where some sources say he had intended to permanently reside even when he attempted to enter Kuwait^[42] – but the lingering influence of Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr in Iraqi and Syrian politics meant that Syrian government would not accept him.^[43] Khomeini then considered going to Bahrain, India, Pakistan or Algeria,^[40] but his US-educated nationalist aide, Ebrahim Yazdi, argued that Khomeini should move to the West because of the greater communication opportunities offered there, with Paris offering the best option for communication with the world of his revolutionary message.^[44]

On October 11, 1978, after Khomeini was moved to Neauphle-le-Château outside Paris, France. From the advantages this decision was to keep faraway clerics and Ulama.^[45] Citiation in France such as some communication facilities and political atmosphere make more efficient relation with people in Iran. In France, because of journalists and the press, and support and approval of the UK and the US foreign policies and their lack of trust in Shah to support their long-term interest, Khomeini's speeches were published rapidly in global media.^[28] Khomeini wanted to people that continued protests against the government.^[46] Between August and December 1978, strikes and demonstrations paralyzed Iran, so that the Shah left the country for exile on 16 January 1979, as the last Persian monarch, leaving his duties to a regency council and an opposition-based prime minister, Shapour Bakhtiar.