Russula_nigricans

<i>Russula adusta</i>

Russula adusta

Species of fungus

Russula adusta, commonly known as the blackening brittlegill or blackening russula, is a species of gilled mushroom. It is found in woodlands of Europe and North America. Russula adusta is a member of the Russula subgenus Compactae.[1] The cap is brown to gray and somewhat shiny, with a mild taste and, reportedly, an odor of empty wine barrels.[1] It has a propensity to turn black from cutting or bruising and has white spores.[1] It can be found growing with conifers.[1] Similar species include Russula albonigra and R. densifolia.[1]

Quick Facts Russula adusta, Scientific classification ...
Quick Facts Russula adustaMycological characteristics ...

Taxonomy

Russula adusta was first described by the French mycologist Pierre Bulliard in 1785 as Agaricus nigricans, before gaining its current binomial name from the father of mycology, the Swedish mycologist Elias Magnus Fries.

Description

This is a large member of the genus Russula, and it has a cap that is dirty white when young, but swiftly turns brown, and then black on aging. It measures 5–20 cm (2–8 in) in diameter.[2] There is usually a large depression in the centre of mature caps, which are three quarter peeling. The stem is white, firm, and straight, measuring 5–8 cm (2–3 in) long and 2–5 cm (1–2 in) wide; it too blackens with age.[2] The gills are off-white initially, very widely spaced, and are adnate. These turn red; then grey, and finally black, when bruised. The flesh, which has a fruity smell, when cut turns pale Indian red, and then grey, and black within 20 minutes.[3] The spore print is white, and the warty oval spores measure 7–8 x 6–7 μm.[3]

Old specimens are sometimes parasitised by fungi of the genus Asterophora or Nyctalis, in particular the species N. parasitica and N. asterophora (the pick-a-back toadstool).

Distribution and habitat

Russula adusta appears in late summer and autumn in both deciduous and coniferous woodland across Britain, northern Europe, and North America.[4]

Toxicity

The species contains toxins which could cause gastrointestinal upset.[5]

Similar species

Species that also bruise red then black include Russula acrifolia and R. dissimulans.[2]

Russula albonigra has closer gills and is far less common. It bruises directly to black, lacking the red intermediary phase.[6][3]

References

  1. [1]
    Trudell, Steve; Ammirati, Joe (2009). Mushrooms of the Pacific Northwest. Timber Press Field Guides. Portland, OR: Timber Press. p. 49. ISBN 978-0-88192-935-5.
  2. [2]
    Davis, R. Michael; Sommer, Robert; Menge, John A. (2012). Field Guide to Mushrooms of Western North America. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 111–112. ISBN 978-0-520-95360-4. OCLC 797915861.
  3. [3]
    Roger Phillips (2006). Mushrooms. Pan MacMillan. p. 47. ISBN 0-330-44237-6.
  4. [4]
    David Arora (1986). Mushrooms Demystified. Ten Speed Press. ISBN 0-89815-169-4.
  5. [5]
    Miller Jr., Orson K.; Miller, Hope H. (2006). North American Mushrooms: A Field Guide to Edible and Inedible Fungi. Guilford, CN: FalconGuide. p. 80. ISBN 978-0-7627-3109-1.
  6. [6]
    Marcel Bon (1987). The Mushrooms and Toadstools of Britain and North Western Europe. Hodder and Stoughton. ISBN 0-340-39935-X.
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