Róbert Ragnar Spanó (born 27 August 1972) is an Icelandic jurist, judge, and former president of the European Court of Human Rights. He has been a partner at the multinational law firm of Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher since the end of this tenure as President of the Court in October 2022.^[1] He started his tenure as President of the Court on 18 May 2020,^[2] succeeding Judge Sicilianos from Greece. Before beginning his service on the court on 1 November 2013, he served provisionally as parliamentary ombudsman of Iceland^[3] and Dean of the Faculty of Law,^[4] University of Iceland. Spano's mandate as a Judge and President of the Court ended on 31 October 2022 when he was succeeded by Judge Siofra O'Leary.

Spano was born in Reykjavík on 27 August 1972.^[5] He graduated with a Candidatus Juris degree from the University of Iceland in 1997 and a Magister Juris degree with distinction in European and comparative law from the University of Oxford (University College) in 2000. At Oxford, he was awarded the Clifford Chance Prize (proxime accessit) and the Civil Procedure Prize for his scholastic achievements.^[6]

Spano began his legal career as a deputy judge at national level. He then became a legal adviser and special assistant to the parliamentary ombudsman, subsequently a tenured professor of law^[7] and dean of the faculty of law, University of Iceland between 2010 and 2013.^[8] He was provisionally appointed Parliamentary Ombudsman in 2013 before being elected a judge to the European Court of Human Rights.^[7]

In November 2013 he was elected a judge to the European Court of Human Rights, serving as its vice president from 2019 to 2020^[8] and its president between 2020 and 2022.^[9]

Spano's mandate as a Judge and President of the Court ended on 31 October 2022. On 2 January 2023, Spano joined the leading US multinational law firm of Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher and is a partner in the London and Paris offices where he practices in the field of EU litigation and regulatory compliance, as well as being a leading expert in international arbitration and public international law, advising clients, including sovereign states, on treaty law, climate change litigation and regulation. In the field of EU law he focuses on litigation and regulatory compliance in the field of digital rights, online platform regulation and the intersection between artificial intelligence and fundamental rights. He also advises clients on the law of the European Convention on Human Rights, principles of business and human rights (ESG, environment, social and governance) and governmental affairs and policy.^[19]

Spano has written extrajudicially on the evolution of the Convention system,^[20] the principle of subsidiarity ^[21] and the rule of law, notably developing a theory on its "three-dimensional normative force" under the European Convention on Human Rights and Public International Law, the "organic dimension", the "functional dimension" and the "hybrid dimension".^[22] Furthermore, he is an acknowledged expert on international dispute resolution, business and human rights and in the field of digital rights and cyberspace.^[23]

Spano is married and has four children.^[5][24] He is an avid singer and has won awards for his musical performances on stage. Spano was a promising amateur bowling player before he became a jurist. He won numerous competitions at home and internationally, both in individual and team tournaments.^[25][26] He is on a nine-year leave from the all-male choir Fóstbræður.^[27]

• List of judges of the European Court of Human Rights