SS Wairarapa was a New Zealand ship of the late 19th century plying the route between Auckland, New Zealand and Australia. It came to tragic fame when it hit a reef at the northern edge of Great Barrier Island, about 100 km out from Auckland, and sank. The death toll of around 130 people remains one of the largest such losses in the country's history.^[1][2] The ship was named for the Wairarapa region.

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The wreck of SS Wairarapa some days after the accident.
History
New Zealand
Name	Wairarapa
Namesake	Wairarapa
Owner	Union Steam Ship Company
Operator	Union Steam Ship Company
Route	Sydney-Auckland
Builder	William Denny and Brothers
Yard number	259
Launched	19 May 1882
Completed	3 July 1882
Out of service	29 October 1894
Homeport	Auckland
Fate	Wrecked off Miners Head
General characteristics
Class and type	Luxury steamer
Type	Steel screw steamship
Tonnage	1786 gross register tons, 1023 net register tons
Length	285.2 ft
Beam	36.3 ft
Draught	23.7 ft
Speed	~14 knots

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Wairarapa was built in Dumbarton, Scotland, in 1882, for the Union Steam Ship Company.^[1] Soon after launch she sailed to New Zealand, to become one of a small number of luxury steamers plying the route across the Tasman Sea to Australia.

Wairarapa sailed from Sydney, Australia, on Wednesday, 24 October 1894.^[1] The ship's destination was the rapidly growing New Zealand port city of Auckland, 2,000 miles away. As Wairarapa rounded the top of the North Island of New Zealand four days later, fog and storms set in. However, Captain John S. McIntosh refused to slow the ship from 13 knots, nearly full speed despite the thick fog. Fatally, the ship went off-course, possibly due to a faulty compass bearing. At the subsequent Court of Enquiry into the incident, some even suggested the ship had been steered by dead reckoning rather than using a compass at all. Whatever the cause, the ship skirted to the west of the Poor Knights Islands, not the east. As a consequence she was much closer to the mainland than the ship's crew believed.

At around 8 minutes past midnight on Monday, 29 October 1894, the ship was wrecked on the steep cliffs near Miners Head on the northern tip of Great Barrier Island, off the coast of Auckland.^[3]

The hours after the wreck saw great loss of life. Many passengers could not swim and drowned in the rough seas trying to make it to shore. One life raft was seen floating out to sea and was never sighted again. Many men, including a large portion of the crew, took to one of the lifeboats, leaving women and children behind. A number of people took refuge in the ship's rigging.^[4] At about 3 am Captain McIntosh jumped into the sea and was presumed drowned. Several other lifeboats which had been safely launched stayed near the stricken ship and picked survivors from the sea where possible.

One lifeboat eventually succeeded in reaching a local community of Ngati Wai Māori based at Katherine Bay, on the western coast of the island. They were able to rescue and provide care for a number of the survivors. Seaman, fisherman and farmer Mariano Vella and his new wife belonged to the survivors of the disaster.^[5]

Although Wairarapa was expected in Auckland, there was no way of knowing where she may have come to grief. As the only contact with the island at the time was via weekly trips from a steamer, it was three full days until news of the shipwreck reached Auckland.^[1]

The Northern Company's steamer Argyle arrived in Port FitzRoy on Wednesday, 31 October, and took the survivors who had reached Port FitzRoy on board. The steamer then proceeded to the site of the shipwreck, and to Katherine Bay, picking up further survivors and sailing back to arrive in Auckland about 3am Thursday 1 November.^[6]

A Court of Inquiry was held after Wairarapa disaster, and found Captain McIntosh's actions were the primary cause of the tragedy.^[7]

The wreck of Wairarapa is scheduled for preservation in the Auckland Unitary Plan and is also protected under the archaeological provisions of the Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga Act 2014.^[8]