SYmbolic_LinK_(SYLK)
Symbolic Link (SYLK) is a Microsoft file format typically used to exchange data between applications, specifically spreadsheets. SYLK files conventionally have a .slk suffix. Composed of only displayable ANSI characters, it can be easily created and processed by other applications, such as databases.
| Filename extension |
.slk |
|---|---|
| Internet media type | application/x-sylk |
| Developed by | Microsoft |
Microsoft has never published a SYLK specification. Variants of the format are supported by Multiplan, Microsoft Excel, Microsoft Works, OpenOffice.org, LibreOffice[1] and Gnumeric. The format was introduced in the 1980s and has not evolved since 1986.[2]
A commonly encountered (and spurious) 'occurrence' of the SYLK file happens when a comma-separated value (CSV) format is saved with an unquoted first field name of 'ID', that is the first two characters match the first two characters of the SYLK file format. Microsoft Excel (at least to Office 2016) will then emit misleading error messages relating to the format of the file, such as "The file you are trying to open, 'x.csv', is in a different format than specified by the file extension...".[3][4]
SYLK is known to cause security issues, as it allows an attacker to run arbitrary code, offers the opportunity to disguise the attack vector under the benign-looking appearance of a CSV file, and is still enabled by default on recent (2016) versions of Microsoft Excel.[2]
SYLK does not have support for Unicode. Even if a SYLK file is created by an application that supports Unicode (for example Microsoft Excel), the SYLK file will be encoded in the current system's ANSI code page, not in Unicode. If the application contained characters that were displayable in Unicode but have no code point in the current system's code page, they will be converted to question marks ('?') in the SYLK file.
The semicolon is treated as a field separator in SYLK, so cannot be used unescaped in data values. If a character string in the SYLK file is to contain a semicolon (;) then it should be prefixed with another semicolon so the string would appear as e.g., "WIDGET;;AXC1254". MS Excel will strip the first semicolon on import and the data element will appear as "WIDGET;AXC1254".
Each line of a SYLK input file must be no longer than 260 characters. Otherwise, Microsoft Excel will issue an error message and skip loading the overlong line.
As an example, the following SYLK code in a text file with the .slk extension:
ID;P C;Y1;X1;K"Row 1" C;Y2;X1;K"Row 2" C;Y3;X1;K"Total" C;Y1;X2;K11 C;Y2;X2;K22 C;Y3;X2;K33 E
would be displayed like this when read by an appropriate spreadsheet:
| Row 1 | 11 |
| Row 2 | 22 |
| Total | 33 |
for numeric formatting
The formatting of 2 decimal digits is applied to Column 2 using
F;P2;C2
where P0 is for General, P1 is for no decimal, P2 is for 2 digits, P3 has leading $ sign with 2 decimal points as defined below.
ID;P
P;PGeneral
P;P_(* #,##0_);;_(* \-#,##0_);;_(* "-"_);;_(@_)
P;P_(* #,##0.00_);;_(* \(#,##0.00\);;_(* "-"??_);;_(@_)
P;P_("$"* #,##0.00_);;_("$"* \(#,##0.00\);;_("$"* "-"??_);;_(@_)
C;Y1;X1;K"Row 1"
C;Y2;X1;K"Row 2"
C;Y3;X1;K"Total"
C;Y1;X2;K11
C;Y2;X2;K22
C;Y3;X2;K0;ER1C2+R2C2
F;P2;C2
E
would be displayed like this when read by an appropriate spreadsheet:
| Row 1 | 11.00 |
| Row 2 | 22.00 |
| Total | 33.00 |
for column width
F;W⟨n1⟩[S]⟨n2⟩[S]⟨n3⟩ defines the widths of a group of columns:
- [S]
- one space
- ⟨n1⟩
- the first column
- ⟨n2⟩
- the last column
- ⟨n3⟩
- the width of columns in number of characters
For example: Adding these SYLK codes will adjust the column width of column 1 and 2 to 20 and 30 respectively.
F;W1 1 20 F;W2 2 30
cell formatting properties
F;⟨cl⟩⟨n⟩⟨c2⟩
- ⟨cl⟩
- one of the following 1-character formatting codes:
- D
- default
- C
- continuous cross-cell display
- E
- scientific exponentiation
- F
- fixed decimal point
- G
- general format
- $
- leading $ and 2 decimal points
- *
- bar graph, one asterisk per unit (5 would be *****)
- ⟨n⟩
- the number of digits.
- ⟨c2⟩
- one of the following 1-character alignment codes:
- D
- default
- C
- center
- G
- general(textleft, numbersright)
- L
- left justify
- R
- right justify
For example: The following SYLK code demonstrates the cell formatting properties:
ID;P P;PGeneral C;Y1;X1;K"Row 1 Left Justify" F;P0;FG0L C;Y2;X1;K"Row 2 Right Justify" F;P0;FG0R C;Y3;X1;K"Total at Center" F;P0;FG0C C;Y1;X2;K11 C;Y2;X2;K22 C;Y3;X2;K0;ER1C2+R2C2 F;Y1;X2;FF2L F;Y2;X2;FF2R F;Y3;X2;F$2C F;W1 2 25 E
SYLK_file ::= Record + Record ::= RecordType Field* newline
- ID record
- Use:
- A header to identify spreadsheet type and creator.
- Must be first record in the file.
- Record type:
- ID
- Mandatory fields:
- P program
- file creator
- possible creators include:
- MP (Multiplan)
- XL (Excel)
- possible creators include:
- file creator
- Possible fields:
- N
- If present, file uses ;N style cell protection
- If absent, file uses ;P style cell protection
- E
- If present, NE records are redundant
- If absent, NE records are not redundant
- Use:
- B record
- Use:
- Tells number of rows and columns in the spreadsheet.
- Recommended that it come before C and F records
- Record type:
- B
- Mandatory fields:
- X columns
- tells maximum number of columns
- Y rows
- tells maximum number of rows
- Use:
- C record
- Use:
- Cell contents
- Record type:
- C
- Mandatory fields:
- X column
- column position (one based)
- Possible fields:
- Y row
- row position (one based). If omitted, most recently encountered value is used.
- E expression
- expression for the cell
- K value
- value of the cell
- C column
- column reference
- R row
- row reference
- G
- defines shared value
- D
- defines shared expression
- S
- references shared value or shared expression
- N
- If present, the cell is not protected.
- If absent and ;N is present in the ID record, cell is protected.
- P
- If present, cell is protected.
- If absent and ;N is absent in the ID record, cell is not protected.
- H
- If present, cell is hidden.
- If absent, cell is not hidden.
- M expression
- matrix expression from (X,Y) to (C,R)
- I
- inside a matrix
- Compatible fields:
- If ;G is present, ;E must be absent.
- If ;G is present, ;K must be present.
- If ;D is present, ;E must be present.
- If ;S is present, ;E, ;K, ;G, ;D, and ;M must be absent.
- If ;S is present, ;R and ;C must be present. (They define the row and column that the shared value/expression is copied from.)
- If ;N is present in the ID record, ;P must be absent.
- If ;N is absent from the ID record, ;N must be absent.
- If ;M is present, ;E must be absent.
- If ;I is present, ;K and ;E must be absent
- Use:
- P record
- Use:
- Cell format
- If F records are present, precedes them.
- Mandatory fields:
- P formatting
- Excel style cell format specification
- Use:
- F record
- Use:
- Format
- If P record(s) are present, follows them.
- Possible fields:
- X column
- column (one based)
- Y row
- row (one based)
- C column
- column (one based)
- R row
- row (one based)
- F format
- Cell/row/column format
- The format of format is
- ch1 digits ch2
- ch1 is
- D
- default
- C
- currency
- E
- exponent
- F
- fixed
- G
- general
- $
- dollar
- *
- graph
- %
- percent
- digits is number of digits after decimal point
- ch2 is alignment
- D
- default
- C
- center
- G
- standard
- L
- left
- R
- right
- -
- ignored
- X
- fill
- D format
- Default format.
- The format of format is
- ch1 digits ch2
- ch1 is
- C
- currency
- E
- exponent
- F
- fixed
- G
- general
- $
- dollar
- *
- graph
- %
- percent
- digits is number of digits after decimal point
- ch2 is alignment
- C
- center
- G
- standard
- L
- left
- R
- right
- -
- ignored
- X
- fill
- E
- show formulas
- K
- show commas
- W col1 col2 width
- set column widths
- N fontid size
- font to use
- P index
- Excel cell format, number of the P record (e.g. P0 means the first P record, which is usually declared as P;PGeneral
- S style
- style
- The following characters can be part of style
- I
- italic
- D
- bold
- T
- gridline top
- L
- gridline left
- B
- gridline bottom
- R
- gridline right
- S
- shaded background
- H
- If present, don't show row/column headers
- If absent in the entire file, show row/column headers
- G
- If present, don't show default gridlines
- If absent in the entire file, show default gridlines
- Compatible fields:
- At least one of ;X, ;Y, ;C, ;R, ;D, ;E, ;K, ;W, ;P, ;H, or ;G must be present.
- If ;X or ;Y is present, both ;X and ;Y must be present. (This sets cell format.)
- If ;X is present, ;R, ;C, ;E, ;K, ;W, ;N, ;H, ;G must be absent.
- If ;R is present, ;X, ;Y, ;C, ;E, ;K, ;W, ;N, ;H, ;G must be absent. (This sets default row format.)
- If ;C is present, ;X, ;Y, ;R, ;E, ;K, ;W, ;N, ;H, ;G must be absent. (This sets default column format.)
- If ;D is present, ;X, ;Y, ;R, ;C must be absent. (This sets default spreadsheet format.)
- If ;X, ;Y, ;R, ;C are present, ;P and/or ;F and/or ;S must be present.
- Use:
- O record
- Use:
- Options
- Possible fields:
- G iter delta
- If present, allow value iteration
- If absent, circular references are not allowed.
- iter (maximum number of iterations)
- delta (step test. If smaller, then finished.)
- C
- completion test at nearest preceding C record
- P
- sheet is protected
- L
- use A1 mode references
- Even if ;L is given R1C1 references are used in SYLK file expressions.
- M
- If present, use manual recalculation.
- If absent, use automatic recalculation.
- E
- Macro sheet.
- This should appear before the first appearance of a ;G or ;F field in a NN record.
- This should appear before the first C record which uses a macro-only function.
- V value
- value indicates the base date used for calculating serial date values
- 0:1 January 1900
- 4:1 January 1904
- Use:
- NU record
- Use:
- file name substitution
- If NE record(s) are present, must precede them.
- Mandatory fields:
- L filename
- old filename
- F filename
- new filename
- Use:
- NE record
- Use:
- external link
- Mandatory fields:
- E expression
- Target area on spreadsheet
- F filename
- Source file
- S expression
- Source area on external sheet
- Use:
- NN record
- Use:
- Defines names
- More efficient if NN appears before name use.
- Mandatory fields:
- N name
- name
- E expression
- expression describing value of name
- Possible fields:
- G ch1 ch2
- runable name (macro) with command key alias
- K ch1 ch2
- ordinary name with unused command aliases
- F
- usable as a function
- Compatible fields:
- If ;G is present, ;K must be absent.
- Use:
- W record
- Use:
- Window definitions
- Use:
- NL record
- Use:
- Chart external link
- Use:
- E record
- Use:
- End of file.
- Must be last record.
- Use:
Date and time are stored as a floating point value. The whole number part is a number of days from the Jan 1 1900 (if the O record contains the ;V0 directive, specifying 1900 as the starting point for calculations), the fraction is the number of seconds divided by 86400 (60*60*24, number of seconds in a day). Conversion to unix time can be done by subtracting the difference between Jan 1 1970 and Jan 1 1900 (25,569 days) and then multiplying by 86400; converting from unix time to SYLK datetime is done by dividing the value by 86400 and then adding 25569. The cell style has to be set to some date formatting value, e.g. P;Pdd/mm/yyyy\ hh:mm:ss to be displayed properly.
.slk file exports opened with Excel have a limit of 255 characters in a cell. This limit is not present in LibreOffice.
- Detailed examples can also be found at here
Syntax for SYLK can be found at:
- Microsoft SYLK summary (see also the Abusing the SYLK file format article for some useful information)
- GFF Format Summary: Microsoft SYLK
and at:
Limits related to reading and saving with Excel:
- "LibreOffice Calc - Supported File Formats". 12 November 2016.
- Stan Hegt (2019-10-30). "Abusing the SYLK file format". outflank.nl. Retrieved 2019-12-14.
- ""SYLK: File format is not valid" error message when you open file". Retrieved August 18, 2015.
- "Excel CSV import returns an SYLK file format error". 9 January 2012. Retrieved August 18, 2015.