Same-sex_union_legislation

Same-sex union legislation

Same-sex union legislation

Laws about the recognition of same-sex couples

Same-sex marriage is legal in the following countries: Andorra, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Denmark, Ecuador, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Luxembourg, Malta, Mexico, the Netherlands,[nb 1] New Zealand,[nb 2] Norway, Portugal, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, the United Kingdom,[nb 3] the United States,[nb 4] and Uruguay.

  Marriage open to same-sex couples (rings: individual cases)
  Legislation or binding domestic court ruling establishing same-sex marriage, but marriage is not yet provided for
  Same-sex marriage recognized when performed in certain other jurisdictions, and accorded greater rights than local same-sex unions (if any)
  Civil unions or domestic partnerships
  Limited legal recognition
  Local certification without legal force
  Limited recognition of marriage performed in certain other jurisdictions (residency rights for spouses)
  Country subject to an international court ruling to recognize same-sex marriage
  Same-sex unions not legally recognized

Same-sex marriage is recognized, but not performed, in Israel and Namibia. Furthermore, same-sex marriages performed in the Netherlands are recognized in Aruba, Curaçao and Sint Maarten. Whether same-sex couples should be allowed to marry has been and remains the topic of debate worldwide. 32 countries and four jurisdictions worldwide have passed constitutional amendments that explicitly prohibit the legal recognition of same-sex marriage and sometimes other forms of legal unions as well. Sixteen countries and 34 jurisdictions worldwide have authorized civil unions or unregistered cohabitation for same-sex couples as an alternative to marriage. The legal name of those unions as well as the number of rights that they provide can vary greatly.

Legislative efforts to recognise same-sex unions

National level

The first legislation of unregistered cohabitation was introduced in the Netherlands in June 1979.[1][2] However, the first substantial recognition of same-sex couples did not occur before the introduction of a new legal form, that of registered partnerships, which was first enacted in Denmark in June 1989.[3] Many countries have followed with similar legislation since then. Legislation of these forms of legal unions still occur with a variety of different names, even after the introduction of same sex marriage, although sometimes they are overwritten by subsequent legislation of same-sex marriage.

There are currently 11 countries that have an alternative form of legal recognition other than marriage on a national level. Those are Bolivia, Croatia, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Israel, Italy, Liechtenstein, Monaco, Montenegro and San Marino.

As of 17 April 2024, legislation to allow an alternative form of legal recognition of same-sex couples other than marriage is pending, or has passed at least one legislative house on a national level in Lithuania and Ukraine.

As of 17 April 2024, same-sex marriage has been legal (nationwide or in some parts) in Andorra, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Denmark, Ecuador, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Luxembourg, Malta, Mexico, the Netherlands,[nb 1] New Zealand,[nb 2] Norway, Portugal, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, the United Kingdom,[nb 3] the United States[nb 4] and Uruguay.

As of 17 April 2024, legislation to allow same-sex marriage is being considered in at least one legislative house on a national level in Japan, Liechtenstein, Thailand and Venezuela.

More information Country, Date ...

Notes:

  1. [a 1]
    According to the 1974 Constitution, the King of Sweden is head of state but does not sign or veto any laws enacted by Parliament.
  2. [a 2]
    Replaced by the gender-neutral marriage law.
  3. [a 3]
    Only one of the two Co-Princes of Andorra signed the law.
  4. [a 4]
    The Slovenian Parliament is incompletely bicameral.
  5. [a 5]
    The Spanish Senate voted 131 "yes" to 119 "no" to veto the law. The veto was later overridden by the Spanish Congress of Deputies.
  6. [a 6]
    Veto overridden.
  7. [a 7]
    Ruled unconstitutional.
  8. [a 8]
    Since the 2008 constitutional change, the assent of the Grand Duke of Luxembourg is not required for the enactment of laws adopted by the Parliament.
  9. [a 9]
    The President merely promulgates the laws adopted by the Parliament.
  10. [A 10]
    A companion bill has yet to be filed in the lower house.

Sub-national level

See also: Same-sex marriage legislation in the United States

In countries with a federal system of governance, states and territories often may grant recognition to same-sex couples in their own jurisdictions, although unitary states with a level of devolution, such as Spain or the United Kingdom, also offer such powers to local authorities. The first jurisdiction to enact unregistered cohabitation was British Columbia in Canada in July 1992. The first jurisdiction to legalize registered partnership was Greenland as part of the Kingdom of Denmark in April 1996. Finally, the first sub-national jurisdiction to legalize same-sex marriage was the Canadian province of Ontario in June 2003.

As of 17 April 2024, there are 15 sub-national jurisdictions worldwide that have legalized some kind of alternative form of legal union of same-sex couples other than marriage. Those are:

  • In Japan:
    • Twelve prefectures of Japan (Akita, Aomori, Fukuoka, Gunma, Ibaraki, Mie, Osaka, Saga, Shizuoka, Tochigi, Tokyo, and Toyama);
  • Aruba, a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands;
  • Two British overseas territories (Bermuda, Cayman Islands).

For the time being, 61 sub-national jurisdictions worldwide have legalized same-sex marriage in nations where same-sex marriage is not legal throughout the nation's territory. Those are:

More information State/Territory, Country ...

Note:

  1. [b 1]
    Legislation overturned by the Australian Federal Government.
  2. [b 2]
    Replaced with registered relationship on 27 June 2012.
  3. [b 3]
    Replaced with civil partnership in December 2015.
  4. [b 4]
    Repealed in May 2016.
  5. [b 5]
    Legislation overturned by the High Court on 12 December 2013.
  6. [b 6]
    Ordinances and regulations do not require royal assent.
  7. [b 7]
    Same-sex marriage was not legal in Australia when the bill was debated.
  8. [b 8]
    Same-sex marriage was not legal in Australia when the bill was passed.

Prohibition of same-sex unions

Legislative efforts

Various countries have passed (or tried to pass) legislation to prevent same-sex marriage or repeal the existing laws (in some cases including criminalization or fines). Sometimes approving explicit bans or defining marriage as solely the union between a man and a woman, excluding all others.

National level

More information Country, Date ...

Notes:

  1. [e 1]
    Struck down in April 2016
  2. [e 2]
    Struck down in May 2020
  3. [e 3]
    Struck down in July 2019
  4. [e 4]
    Repealed in September 2022
  5. [e 5]
    Repealed in December 2022
  6. [e 6]
    Repealed in December 2017
  7. [e 7]
    Repealed in December 2015.
  8. [e 8]
    Passed by Congress, archived after threat of presidential veto.

Constitutional efforts

Thirty-two countries have passed constitutional amendments banning a variety of same-sex unions. These amendments have taken several forms. Some are limited to banning only marriage. Others ban marriage and prohibit legislation providing "similar rights".

National level

Cuba was the first country to prohibit same-sex marriage in February 1976. Paraguay, Honduras and Bolivia are the only cases that not only marriage is prohibited but also de facto unions[citation needed]. Vietnam, Cuba, and Ecuador repealed their same-sex marriage bans in November 2013, April 2019, and June 2019, respectively.

As of 17 April 2024, thirty-three countries prohibit same-sex marriage on a national level. Those are Armenia, Belarus, Bolivia, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cambodia, the Central African Republic, Croatia, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Dominican Republic, Georgia, Honduras, Hungary, Jamaica, Kenya, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Mali, Moldova, Mongolia, Montenegro, Palau, Paraguay, Poland, Russia, Rwanda, Serbia, Slovakia, South Sudan, Uganda, Ukraine, Venezuela and Zimbabwe.

More information Country, Date ...

Notes:

  1. [c 1]
    Repealed in April 2019
  2. [c 2]
    Repealed on 1 January 2014, as the 1992 Constitution was replaced by the new one, which does not contain a definition of marriage.[727][728]
  3. [c 3]
    Failed to meet the required threshold.
  4. [c 4]
    Struck down by the Constitutional Court on 12 June 2019
  5. [c 5]
    Although the amendment received 94.5% of the vote, turnout was only at 21.4%. For referendums in Slovakia to be valid, turnout has to surpass 50% of registered voters.[781]
  6. [c 6]
    declared invalid by the Federal Supreme Court in 2019
  7. [c 7]
    Veto overridden.
  8. [c 8]
    Although the amendment received majority of the vote, turnout was only at 20.41%. For referendums in Romania to be valid, turnout has to surpass 30% of registered voters.

Sub-national level

The first jurisdiction to explicitly ban same-sex marriage in its Constitution was the U.S. state of Alaska in November 1998, however, same-sex marriage was legalised in the state in October 2014. The first jurisdiction to enact such a ban was Yucatán, in July 2009, but since August 2010 the state recognizes same-sex marriages performed in Mexico and in August 2021 local congress removed the heterosexual definition of marriage from the state's constitution.

More information State/Territory, Country ...

Notes:

  1. [d 1]
    Repealed in June 2016[807]
  2. [d 2]
    Repealed in September 2021
  3. [d 3]
    Unenforced since November 2017 [811] & repealed in July 2021 [812]
  4. [d 4]
    Repealed in May 2016.[814]
  5. [d 5]
    Failed to meet the required threshold.

See also

Notes

  1. [N 1]
    The Netherlands proper. Same-sex marriages performed there are recognized in Aruba, Curaçao and Sint Maarten
  2. [N 2]
    New Zealand proper.
  3. [N 3]
    England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland; the overseas territories of Akrotiri and Dhekelia, the British Antarctic Territory, the British Indian Ocean Territory, the Falkland Islands, Gibraltar, the Pitcairn Islands, Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da Cunha, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands; the Crown dependencies of Guernsey, the Isle of Man and Jersey.
  4. [N 4]
    50 states, the District of Columbia, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, the United States Virgin Islands and multiple tribal nations.

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