Sarcos (the generic name applied originally to Sarcos Research Corporation, then to Raytheon Sarcos, and then finally to Sarcos Technology and Robotics Corporation) was an American company known for most of its existence primarily as a developer of robots. In 2023, Sarcos "pivoted" to become a developer of artificial-intelligence (AI) software, specifically for robotic applications. This pivot was accompanied by a cessation of all operations involving hardware. In March 2024, Sarcos changed its name to Palladyne AI.

Sarcos Research Corporation was founded in 1983 by University of Utah professor Stephen Jacobsen, and operated initially as a bioengineering research institution. By 1990, Jacobsen had expanded the company's attention to include commercial interests in areas as diverse as theme-park robots, animatronic film props, actuated prostheses, personal drug-delivery systems, various miniaturized technologies, and steerable catheters. However, the company's core competency centered on creating robotic systems. Sarcos's work was found in a wide variety of applications, including entertainment animatronics such as the life-sized robotic dinosaurs of Jurassic Park: The Ride of Universal Studios Hollywood,^[1] robotic displays (e.g., the fountains of Bellagio Hotel in Las Vegas, NV), NASA space-suit-testing equipment, motorized prosthetic limbs, and even MEMS actuators and sensors.

In 2001, Sarcos was awarded a multi-phase research grant from DARPA of the United States Department of Defense (DoD) to design a powered exoskeleton suitable for military applications.^[2] DARPA accepted the Sarcos design in 2006, and in that same year the firm began developing prototypes of the exoskeleton based on this design.^[3]

In November 2007, American defense contractor Raytheon purchased Sarcos, seeking to expand its business into robotics research and production.^[4] From 2007 until 2015, Sarcos operated as the robotics division of Raytheon under the name "Raytheon Sarcos." At the time of the purchase by Raytheon, the exoskeleton designed under the DARPA grant had been slated to begin production as early as 2008 for the United States Army.^[5][6] However, the Raytheon Sarcos exoskeleton operated on a tether that severely limited its mobility, and as a result, manufacture of the exoskeleton never progressed beyond the prototypical stage due to a lack of continued interest from the DoD.^[7][8]

Not long after the acquisition by Raytheon, Jacobsen left Sarcos in 2009 to start a new company, Sterling Technologies (now defunct).^[9][10] Upon Jacobsen's departure, longtime Sarcos employee and manager Fraser Smith assumed the role of President of Raytheon Sarcos.

In 2015, Smith and intellectual-property stategist Ben Wolff led a consortium that acquired the business from Raytheon, with Smith as the newly acquired company's Chief Executive Officer (CEO) and Wolff as its Chairman.^[11] Sometime between 2015 and 2016, Wolff became CEO of Sarcos.^[12] Starting in 2016, a number of companies and institutional investors began participating in a series of investment rounds with the goal of providing Sarcos with the necessary capital for commercializing a suite of robotic exoskeletons and manipulators, all to be marketed under the product-line name "Guardian."^[13][14][15] In September 2021, Sarcos Corp. merged with Rotor Acquisition Corp., a publicly traded special-purpose acquisition company that was then renamed Sarcos Technology and Robotics Corporation.^[16] As a consequence of this merger, Sarcos began being listed under ticker symbol STRC on the Nasdaq stock exchange.^[17]

In December 2021, Kiva Allgood, an executive with experience in the commercial development of technology, was named CEO of Sarcos.^[18]

In April 2022, Sarcos acquired Pittsburgh-based robotics company RE2, Inc.^[19] Before its purchase by Sarcos, RE2 developed and produced autonomous and tele-operated mobile robots for a variety of industries; after the purchase, these robots became part of Sarcos's Guardian line of products.^[20]

Almost from the onset of its listing on Nasdaq, Sarcos consistently underperformed as a public company, failing to secure the cash flow needed to operate successfully as a business of 280 employees.

In May 2023, Laura Peterson, a former Boeing Vice President and executive, replaced Kiva Allgood as "interim" CEO of Sarcos (Peterson was later made "permanent" CEO in October of that year).^[21][22]

Facing delisting in June 2023, Sarcos issued a 1:6 reverse stock split to increase its share price in accordance with Nasdaq's $1.00 minimum-bid-price rule.^[23] This measure was followed in July 2023 by a reduction in force of approximately 75 employees in order to reduce spending.^[24]

In the months after the July 2023 layoff, insufficient cash flow continued to be a problem for the company. While expectations published by Sarcos in November 2021 had estimated that the company would be shipping as many as 300 to 500 robotic units per year,^[25] by October 2023 only two such units had ever been shipped (the two units were Guardian "Sea Class" robots that had been developed primarily at RE2 prior to its acquisition by Sarcos).^[26] On the other hand, in September 2023 Sarcos was awarded a four-year 13.8-million-dollar (USD) Phase II SBIR contract by the United States Air Force for the development of AI and machine-learning software specific to the Sarcos line of Guardian robots.^[27]

Less than two months after the company had received the SBIR contract, Sarcos's Board of Directors elected in November 2023 to cut the company's losses by shutting down all activities related to hardware development and production. As part of this decision, a second layoff eliminated jobs for over 150 workers, including all of the remaining original RE2 employees. At the same time, Sarcos management announced that the company had pivoted to become solely a developer of AI software for use in robotic systems.^[28]

In January 2024, former CEO Ben Wolff was once again appointed CEO of Sarcos, taking over the duties of chief executive officer from Laura Peterson.^[29]

In March 2024, the company announced that Sarcos would change its name to Pallaydyne AI, and that the company’s ticker symbol would change in April 2024 from STRC to PDYN. According to the company news release about this name change, "[Palladyne AI] reflects the company's narrowed focus on commercializing the artificial intelligence and machine learning software that it has been developing since 2020."^[30]