In political writing

Replacing the letter c with k in the first letter of a word was used by the Ku Klux Klan during its early years in the mid-to-late 19th century. The concept is continued today within the group. For something similar in the writing of groups opposed to the KKK, see § KKK replacing c or k, below.

In the 1960s and early 1970s in the United States, the Yippies sometimes used Amerika rather than America in referring to the United States.^[1][2][3] According to Oxford Dictionaries, it was an allusion to the Russian and German spellings of the word and intended to be suggestive of fascism and authoritarianism.^[1]

A similar usage in Italian, Spanish, Catalan and Portuguese^{[citation needed]} is to write okupa rather than ocupa (often on a building or area occupied by squatters),^{[4][better source needed]} referring to the name adopted by okupación activist groups. It stems from a combination of English borrowings with k in them to those languages, and Spanish anarchist and punk movements which used "k" to signal rebellion.^[5]

In humor

Replacing "c" with "k" was at the center of a Monty Python joke from the Travel Agent sketch. Eric Idle's character has an affliction that makes him pronounce the letter C as a B, as in "blassified" instead of "classified". Michael Palin asks him if he can say the letter K; Idle replies that he can, and Palin suggests that he spell words with a K instead of C. Idle replies: "what, you mean, pronounce 'blassified' with a K? [...] Klassified. [...] Oh, it's very good! I never thought of that before! What a silly bunt!"^[6]

KKK replacing c or k

A common satiric usage of the letters KKK is the spelling of America as Amerikkka, alluding to the Ku Klux Klan, referring to underlying racism in American society. The earliest known usage of Amerikkka recorded in the Oxford English Dictionary is in July 1970, in an African-American magazine called Black World.^[7]

The spelling Amerikkka came into greater use after the 1990 release of the gangsta rap album AmeriKKKa's Most Wanted by Ice Cube. The letters KKK have been inserted into several other words and names, to indicate similar perceived racism, oppression or corruption. Examples include:

• Republikkkan (U.S. Republican Party)^[8]
• Demokkkrat (U.S. Democratic Party)^[9]
• KKKapitalism (capitalism)^[10]
• David DuKKKe (David Duke),^[11] former Grand Wizard of the Ku Klux Klan, candidate for United States Senate, candidate for Governor of Louisiana, and antisemitic conspiracy theorist

Lolcats

In the mid-2000s, lolcat image macros were captioned with deliberate misspellings, known as "lolspeak", such as a cat asking "I can haz cheezburger?"^[40] Blogger Anil Dash described the intentionally poor spelling and fractured grammar as "kitty pidgin".^[40]

"B" emoji replacing hard consonants

The negative squared letter B (🅱️; originally used to represent blood type B)^[41] can be used to replace hard consonants as an internet meme. This originates from the practice of members of the Bloods replacing the letter C with the letter B, but has been extended to any consonant.^[42][43] Common examples are:

• Ni🅱️🅱️a, replacing nigga.^[42] Some non-black people have been criticised for using this as if the taboo around the word did not apply.^[42]
• 🅱️loods for Bloods.^[42]
• 🅱️eter for Peter Griffin.^[42]

Misspelled animal names

Various different instances of intentional misspellings of animal names have been made as internet memes. The mid-2000s lolcat memes used spellings such as kitteh for kitty.^[44]

The 2013 Doge meme is a deliberate misspelling of dog.^[45]

The internet slang of DoggoLingo, which appeared around the same time, spells dog as doggo and also includes respelled words for puppy (pupper) and other animals such as bird (birb) and snake (snek).^[46] Respellings in DoggoLingo usually alter the pronunciation of the word.

Backronyms

Plays on acronyms and initialisms are also common, when the full name is spelled out but one of the component words is replaced by another. For example, Richard Stallman and other Free Software Foundation executives often refer to digital rights management as "digital restrictions management".^[50] a reference to the tendency for DRM to stifle the end user's ability to reshare music or write CDs more than a certain number of times. Likewise, the National Security Agency is often referred to as the "National Surveillance Agency"^{[51][52][53][54]} and sometimes "National Socialist Agency"^[55][56] by opponents of its PRISM program, who view it as dystopian encroachment on personal privacy.