Sexual_system

Sexual system

Sexual system

Distribution of male and female functions across a species.

For Linnaeus' sexual system, a classification of plants, see Linnaean taxonomy § Classification for plants.

A sexual system is a pattern of sex allocation[1] or a distribution of male and female function across organisms in a species.[2] Terms like reproductive system and mating system have also been used as synonyms.[3]

Barnacles have a variety of sexual systems.

The distinction between sexual systems is not always clear due to phenotypic plasticity.[1] Sexual systems are viewed as a key factor for genetic variation and reproductive success, and may have also led to the origin or extinction of certain species.[4]

Interests in sexual systems go back to Darwin, who found that barnacles contain species that are androdioecious and some that are dioecious.[5]

Types of sexual systems

The life cycle of an angiosperm.

In angiosperms there are monomorphic sexual systems where a species has combination of hermaphrodite, male, and/or female flowers on the same plant. Monomorphic sexual systems include monoecy, gynomonoecy, andromonoecy, and trimonoecy. There are also dimorphic sexual systems where individual plants within a species only produce one sort of flower — hermaphrodite, male, or female. Dimorphic sexual systems include dioecy, gynodioecy, androdioecy, and trioecy.[6] Mixed sexual systems are where hermaphrodites coexist with single sexed individuals.[7] This includes androdioecy, gynodioecy, and trioecy.[8]

What determines whether a flower is male, female, or hermaphroditic is the presence of a stamen — which contains male gametes — and/or pistil — which contains female gametes. Male (a.k.a. staminate) flowers only have a stamen. Female (a.k.a. pistillate) flowers only have a pistil. Hermaphrodite (a.k.a. perfect, or bisexual) flowers have both a stamen and pistil. The sex of a single flower may differ from the sex of the whole organism: for example, a plant may have both staminate and pistillate flowers, making the plant as a whole a hermaphrodite. Hence although all monomorphic plants are hermaphrodites, different combinations of flower types (staminate, pistillate, or perfect) produces distinct monomorphic sexual systems.[9]

(See Plant reproductive morphology for further details on plant sexual systems.)

List of sexual systems

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References

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