Socialdemokratiet

Social Democrats (Denmark)

Social Democrats (Denmark)

Centre-left Danish political party

The Social Democrats (Danish: Socialdemokratiet, pronounced [soˈɕɛˀlte̝moˌkʰʁɑˀtɪət]) is a social democratic political party in Denmark.[2][7] A member of the Party of European Socialists (PES), the Social Democrats have 50 out of 179 members of the Danish parliament (following the latest Danish general election held in 2022), Folketing, and three out of fourteen MEPs elected from Denmark.

Quick Facts Abbreviation, Leader ...

Founded by Louis Pio in 1871, the party first entered the Folketing in the 1884 Danish Folketing election. By the early 20th century, it had become the party with the largest representation in the Folketing, a distinction it would hold for 77 years. It first formed a government after the 1924 Danish Folketing election under Thorvald Stauning, the longest-serving Danish Prime Minister of the 20th century. During Stauning's government which lasted until the 1926 Danish Folketing election, the Social Democrats exerted a profound influence on Danish society, laying the foundation of the Danish welfare state. From 2002 to 2016, the party used the name Socialdemokraterne in some contexts.[8][9] The party was a member of the Labour and Socialist International from 1923 to 1940. A member of the Socialist International until 2017, the party withdrew to join the Progressive Alliance, founded in 2013.

The party was the major coalition partner in government from the 2011 Danish general election until the 2015 Danish general election, with then-party leader Helle Thorning-Schmidt as Prime Minister. After losing power in the 2015 election, Thorning-Schmidt was succeeded as party leader on 28 June 2015 by the former Vice Leader Mette Frederiksen, who shifted the party back to the political left on economics, while criticising mass immigration.[10][11] Frederiksen led the party to win the 2019 and 2022 Danish general election, forming a single-party minority government from 2019 to 2022 and a majority grand-coalition government with the centre-right Venstre and the centrist Moderates since 2022.

Overview

The party traces its own history back to the International Labour Association, founded in 1871 and banned in 1873, loosely re-organised in the Social Democratic Labour Party which in 1876 issued the Gimle program, but as a formal political party it was first founded from 11–12 February 1878 as the Social Democratic Federation. This name was formally carried by the party for almost a hundred years, although in practice it also used a number of other names until it changed its name to Social Democracy in 1965. At a congress in Aalborg in 2002, the party changed its name to the Social Democrats, but from 2016 again only Social Democracy is used.[8][9]

The party has the letter A as a symbol, but the abbreviation S is often used in the media. The party's classic symbol is a red rose and in recent times an A in a red circle. Aside from the classical socialist red colour,[12] the party has recently adopted a more light red colour called competition orange.[13]

The party was a member of the Labour and Socialist International between 1923 and 1940.[14] It is now a member of the Progressive Alliance, an association of progressive social-democratic parties.[15] The Social Democrats are also a member of the Party of European Socialists while the party's MEPs sit in the Socialists & Democrats group.

History

19th century

Socialist pioneer Louis Pio, founder and first leader of the Social Democrats (1871–1872) and 1875–1877)

The party was founded as the International Labour Association of Denmark on 15 October 1871 by Louis Pio, Harald Brix and Paul Geleff.[16] The goal was to organise the emerging working class on a democratic and socialist basis. The industrialisation of Denmark had begun in the mid-19th century and a period of rapid urbanisation had led to an emerging class of urban workers. The social-democratic movement emerged from the desire to give this group political rights and representation in the Folketing, the Danish parliament. In 1876, the party held an annual conference, adopting the first party manifesto.[17]

The stated policy was as follows:

The Danish Social Democratic Labour Party works in its national form, but is convinced of the international nature of the labour movement and ready to sacrifice everything and fulfill all obligations to provide: Freedom, equality and brotherhood among all nations.

In 1884, the party had their first two members of parliament elected, namely Peter Thygesen Holm and Chresten Hørdum.

20th century

Thorvald Stauning, the party's first Prime Minister (1924–1926 and 1929–1942) on his 1935 Stauning or Chaos election poster

In 1906, the party created the Social Democratic Youth Association, lasting until 1920 when the Social Democratic Youth of Denmark and current party's youth wing was founded.

In the 1924 Danish Folketing election, the party won the majority with 36.6 percent of the vote and its first government was put in place with Thorvald Stauning as Prime Minister.[18] That same year, he appointed Nina Bang as the world's first female minister, nine years after women's suffrage had been given in Denmark. Stauning stayed in power until his death in 1942, with his party laying the foundations for the Danish welfare state based on a close collaboration between labor unions and the government.[19]

In January 1933, Stauning's government entered into what was then the most extensive settlement yet in Danish politics, namely the Kanslergade settlement (Danish: Kanslergadeforliget) with the liberal party Venstre.[20] The settlement was named after Stauning's apartment in Kanslergade in Copenhagen and included extensive agricultural subsidies and reforms of the legislation and administration in the social sector.[21] In 1935, Stauning was reelected with the famous slogan "Stauning or Chaos".[22]

Stauning's second cabinet lasted until the Nazi occupation of Denmark in 1940, when the cabinet was widened to include all political parties for a national unity government and the Danish government pursued a collaborative policy with the German occupiers. Through the 1940s and until 1972, most of Denmark's Prime Ministers were from the party.[23]

Poul Nyrup Rasmussen government coalition: 1993–2001

Social Democrats election poster for the October 1945 general election

The Social Democrats' social policy through the 1990s and continuing in the 21st century involved a significant redistribution of income and the maintenance of a large state apparatus with collectively financed core public services such as public healthcare, education and infrastructure.

Social Democrats-led coalition governments (the I, II, III and IV Cabinets of Poul Nyrup Rasmussen) implemented the system known as flexicurity (flexibility and social security), mixing strong Scandinavian unemployment benefits with deregulated employment laws, making it easier for employers to fire and rehire people in order to encourage economic growth and reduce unemployment.[24][17]

The Cabinets of Poul Nyrup Rasmussen maintained a parliamentary majority during the period from 1993 to 2001 by virtue of their support from the Socialist People's Party and the Red–Green Alliance.[25]

Towards the end of the 1990s, a trade surplus of 30 billion kroner (US$4.9 billion) turned into a deficit.[citation needed] To combat this, the government increased taxes, limiting private consumption. The 1998 initiative, dubbed the Whitsun Packet (Danish: Pinsepakken) from the season it was issued, was not universally popular with the electorate which may have been a factor in the Social Democrats' defeat in the 2001 Danish general election.

In opposition: 2001–2011

After being defeated by the Liberal Party in the 2001 Danish general election, the party chairmanship went to former finance and foreign minister Mogens Lykketoft. Following another defeat in the 2005 Danish general election, Lykketoft announced his resignation as party leader and at an extraordinary congress on 12 March it was decided that all members of the party would cast votes in an election of a new party leader. The two contenders for the leadership represented the two wings in the party, with Helle Thorning-Schmidt being viewed as centrist and Frank Jensen being viewed as slightly more left-leaning. On 12 April 2005, Thorning-Schmidt was elected as the new leader.[26]

Helle Thorning-Schmidt government coalition: 2011–2015

In the 2011 Danish general election, the Social Democrats gained 44 seats in parliament, the lowest number since 1953.[27] Nonetheless, the party succeeded in establishing a minority government with the Danish Social Liberal Party and the Socialist People's Party. The incumbent centre-right coalition led by the Liberal Party lost power to a centre-left coalition led by the Social Democrats, making Thorning-Schmidt the country's first female prime minister. The Danish Social Liberal Party and the Socialist People's Party became part of the three-party centre-left coalition government. The new parliament convened on 4 October. The government rolled back anti-immigration legislation enacted by the previous government[28] and passed a tax-reform with support from the liberal-conservative opposition.[29] The tax reform raised the top tax threshold, which had previously applied to over half the working population. The aim of the tax reform was to increase labour output to fend off a projected labour shortage within the next decades. The stated goal was to entice Danes to work more in order to compensate for the decreasing workforce by lowering tax on wages and gradually lowering welfare payments to those outside of the labour market to increase the economic benefit of working relative to receiving welfare.[30]

On 3 February 2014, the Socialist People's Party left the government in protest over the sale of shares in the public energy company DONG Energy to the investment bank Goldman Sachs.[31] Because of the government's minority status and of its dependency on the support of the Danish Social Liberal Party, the government had to jettison many of the policies that the Social Democrats–Socialist People's Party coalition had given during the campaign. Although critics have accused the government of breaking its promises, other studies argue that it accomplished half of its stated goals, blaming instead poor public relations strategies for its increasingly negative public image.[32] The government pursued a centrist compromise agenda, building several reforms with support from both sides of the parliament. This caused friction with the supporting Red–Green Alliance, who were kept outside of influencing decisions.[29]

In opposition: 2015–2019

In the 2015 Danish general election, the Social Democrats gained seats and became the biggest party in the parliament again since 2001, yet lost the government because the right-wing parties had a majority. The results of the 2015 election and the defeat of the left-bloc led Thorning-Schmidt to resign as prime minister on election night and making way for the next leader Mette Frederiksen.[33] Under Frederiksen, the Social Democrats voted in favor of a law allowing Danish authorities to confiscate money, jewellery and other valuable items refugees crossing the border may have as long as those valuables have no sentimental value,[34] despite harsh condemnation from the United Nations Human Right Council[35] and widespread comparisons between the plan and the treatment of Jews in Nazi-occupied Europe.[36] The law had been used 17 times in the first six years.[37]

Similarly, the Social Democrats voted for a law banning wearing of burqas and niqabs, while abstaining during a vote on a law on mandatory handshakes irrespective of religious sentiment at citizenship ceremonies and on a plan to house criminal asylum seekers on an island used for researching contagious animal diseases. Frederiksen has also backed the right-wing populist Danish People's Party in their paradigm shift push to make repatriation rather than social integration the goal of asylum policy. She has called for a cap on non-Western immigrants, expulsion of asylum seekers to a reception centre in North Africa and forced labour for immigrants in exchange for benefits. Labeling foreign policies of Europe as too economic liberal, Frederiksen has criticised other social democratic parties for losing their voters' trust by failing to prevent globalisation chipping away at labour rights, increasing inequality and exposing them to uncontrolled immigration.[38]

2019–present: Frederiksen I and II

Current leader of the Social Democrats and Prime Minister of Denmark, Mette Frederiksen

In the 2019 Danish general election, the Social Democrats gained one further seat and the opposition red bloc of left-wing and centre-left parties (the Social Democrats, the Danish Social Liberal Party, the Socialist People's Party and the Red–Green Alliance along with the Faroese Social Democratic Party and Greenland's Inuit Ataqatigiit and Siumut) won a majority of 93 out of 179 seats in the Folketing while support for the Danish People's Party and the Liberal Alliance collapsed, costing Lars Løkke Rasmussen his majority. With the result beyond doubt on election night, Rasmussen conceded defeat and Frederiksen has been commissioned by Queen Margrethe II to lead the negotiations to form a new government.[39][40]

On 27 June 2019, Frederiksen was successful in forming the Frederiksen Cabinet, an exclusively Social Democrats minority government supported by the red bloc, becoming the second woman in the role after Thorning-Schmidt as well as the youngest prime minister in Danish history at the age of 41.[41] Despite having run on an anti-immigration stance during the election, Frederiksen shifted her stance on immigration by allowing more foreign labour and reversing government plans to hold foreign criminals offshore after winning government.[42][43][44]

Platform

Since its foundation, the lemma of the party has been "Liberty, Equality and Brotherhood" and these values are still described as central in the party program. In the political program, these values are described as being consistent with a focus on solidarity with the poorest and social welfare to those who need it, with individual responsibility in relation to other members in society and with an increased involvement in the European Union project.[45]

As well as adopting more left-leaning economics, the party has become increasingly sceptical of mass immigration from a left-wing perspective in the late 2010s, as it believes it has had negative impacts for much of the population, a more pressing issue since at least 2001 after the 11 September attacks which intensified during the 2015 European migrant crisis. It also returned to a more sceptical view of economic liberalism, including the view that perception of adopting the Third Way and practicing centrist, neoliberal economics, and supporting unrestricted economic globalisation contributed to its poor electoral performance in the late 2000s and early 2010s.[10][11] In a biography written before becoming the prime minister in 2019, Mette Frederiksen wrote: "For me, it is becoming increasingly clear that the price of unregulated globalisation, mass immigration and the free movement of labour is paid for by the lower classes."[46]

Political leadership

The current Party Leader is Mette Frederiksen. She succeeded Helle Thorning-Schmidt, who stepped down after the left bloc's defeat in the 2015 Danish general election. Deputy Party Leaders are Lennart Damsbo-Andersen and Christian Rabjerg Madsen. The Secretary General is Annette Lind.[47]

Prime ministers

See also: Prime Minister of Denmark

Leaders of the Social Democrats

More information No., Portrait ...

Election results

The Social Democrats governed Denmark for most of the 20th century, with a few intermissions such as the Conservative People's Party-led government of Poul Schlüter in the 1980s. It continued to be Denmark's largest party until 2001 when Anders Fogh Rasmussen's liberal Venstre party gained a landslide victory, becoming the largest party and forming a centre-right government. The Social Democrats returned to government from 2011 to 2015 and since 2019.

Parliament

More information Year, Votes ...

Local elections

More information Year, Seats ...

European Parliament elections

More information Year, Votes ...

Representation

Folketing

See also: List of members of the Folketing, 2019–2023

At the 2019 election the Social Democrats won 48 seats in parliament. Henrik Sass Larsen was originally elected, but resigned his seat on 30 September 2019, after which Tanja Larsson took over his seat.[48] Ida Auken was originally elected as a member of the Socialist People's Party, but switched to the Social Democrats on 29 January 2021.[49][50]

       

European Parliament

See also: List of members of the European Parliament for Denmark, 2019–2024

At the 2019 European Parliament election the Social Democrats won 3 seats. The Social Democrats are part of the Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats in the European Parliament.[51]

Nordic Council

4 of the 16 Danish members of the Nordic Council are members of the Social Democrats. The members of the Nordic Council are not elected by the public, but instead chosen by the parliamentary party groups. The Social Democrats are part of The Social Democratic Group in the Nordic Council.[52][53]

Youth wings

Main articles: Frit Forum and Social Democratic Youth of Denmark

The Social Democratic Youth of Denmark (Danish: Danmarks Socialdemokratiske Ungdom) is the Social Democrats' youth wing. It was founded on 8 February 1920 and is an independent organization from the Social Democrats. This allows them to formulate their own policies and make their own campaigns. Prominent Social Democrats beginning their political work in the Social Democratic Youth include prime ministers Hans Hedtoft, H. C. Hansen, Jens Otto Krag, Anker Jørgensen and Mette Frederiksen, as well as ministers Per Hækkerup and Morten Bødskov.[54][55]

Frit Forum is the Social Democrats' student organization. It was founded in 1943 in Copenhagen. It has since 1973 been organizationally part of Social Democratic Youth. Prominent members previously leading Frit Forum include prime minister Poul Nyrup Rasmussen and other leaders of the Social Democrats Mogens Lykketoft and Svend Auken.[56][57]

Notes

  1. Official party letter on voting ballot
  2. Only 175 of the 179 seats in the Danish Parliament, the Folketing, are obtainable by Danish political parties as Greenland and the Faroe Islands are assigned two seats each due to their status as territories in the Kingdom of Denmark.

See also

References

  1. [1]
    "Hvor mange medlemmer har de politiske partier?" (in Danish). Folketinget. 2019. Archived from the original on 12 December 2021. Retrieved 20 September 2021.
  2. [2]
    Nordsieck, Wolfram (2019). "Denmark". Parties and Elections in Europe. Archived from the original on 1 April 2022. Retrieved 16 April 2018.
  3. [3]
    Milne, Richard (10 July 2017). "Denmark's centre-left seeks common ground with populists". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 10 December 2022. Retrieved 11 May 2020.
  4. [4]
    "Oskar Hansen: "Naar jeg ser et rødt Flag smælde", 1923" (in Danish). Archived from the original on 8 October 2020. Retrieved 2 October 2020.
  5. [5]
    "AKVA3: Valg til regions råd efter område, parti og stemmer/kandidater/køn" (in Danish). Statistics Denmark. Archived from the original on 5 February 2017. Retrieved 13 June 2010.
  6. [6]
    "VALGK3: Valg til kommunale råd efter område, parti og stemmer/kandidater/køn". Statistics Denmark. Archived from the original on 5 February 2017. Retrieved 13 June 2010.
  7. [7]
    Merkel, Wolfgang; Petring, Alexander; Henkes, Christian; Egle, Christoph (2008). Social Democracy in Power: the capacity to reform. London: Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-415-43820-9.
  8. [8]
    "Socialdemokratiet skifter navn". BT/Ritzau. 14 September 2002. Archived from the original on 16 February 2017. Retrieved 26 September 2016.
  9. [9]
    Lange, Lasse; Holsten, Erik (24 September 2016). "Socialdemokratiet laver lille navneændring". Altinget. Archived from the original on 1 October 2016. Retrieved 26 September 2016.
  10. [10]
    Orange, Richard (11 May 2018). "Mette Frederiksen: the anti-migrant left leader set to win power in Denmark". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 25 September 2022. Retrieved 12 May 2019.
  11. [11]
    O'Leary, Naomi (6 September 2018). "Danish left veering right on immigration". Politico. Archived from the original on 13 September 2018. Retrieved 13 September 2018.
  12. [12]
    Hagelskjær, Christian Made (3 March 2017). "Valgkamp har mange nuancer af rød". Maerkesag (in Danish). Archived from the original on 9 June 2019. Retrieved 11 May 2020.
  13. [13]
    Mortensen, Søren (16 September 2014). "Socialdemokraterne ændrer den røde farve: Her er partiets nye kulør". B.T. (in Danish). Archived from the original on 21 February 2020. Retrieved 11 May 2020.
  14. [14]
    Kowalski, Werner (1985). Geschichte der sozialistischen arbeiter-internationale: 1923–1919. Berlin: Dt. Verl. d. Wissenschaften (in German). p. 290.
  15. [15]
    "Parties & Organisations". Progressive Alliance. Archived from the original on 15 February 2018. Retrieved 22 July 2019.
  16. [16]
    "Socialdemokraterne – Socialdemokratiet" (in Danish). Det Kongelige Bibliotek. Archived from the original on 14 May 2011. Retrieved 18 November 2013.
  17. [17]
    "Socialdemokratiet, 1871-". Danmarkshistorien.dk. Archived from the original on 19 September 2021. Retrieved 20 September 2021.
  18. [18]
    "Den skjulte forskel". Kristeligt Dagblad. 5 February 2005. Archived from the original on 18 July 2013. Retrieved 18 November 2013.
  19. [19]
    "Socialdemokratiet, Verdenskrig og Revolution". Arbejdermuseet.dk. Archived from the original on 9 October 2021. Retrieved 20 September 2021.
  20. [20]
    Skou, p. 367.
  21. [21]
    Mørch, Søren (2002). 24 statsministre: 24 fortællinger om magten i Danmark i det tyvende århundrede og en kort forklaring på, hvor den 25. er blevet af (in Danish). Copenhagen: Gyldendal. p. 165. ISBN 9788702003611.
  22. [22]
    Svensson, Palle (January 1974). "Support for the Danish Social Democratic Party 1924–39 — Growth and Response". Scandinavian Political Studies. 9 (A9): 127–146. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9477.1974.tb00536.x.[permanent dead link]
  23. [23]
    "Socialdemokratiet". Arbejdermuseet.dk. Archived from the original on 9 October 2021. Retrieved 20 September 2021.
  24. [24]
    Volkesn, Andrea (2004). "Policy Changes of European Social Democrats 1945–98". In Bonoli, Giuliano (ed.). Social Democratic Party Policies in Contemporary Europe. Psychology Press.
  25. [25]
    "Historien om Socialdemokratiet". Dr.dk. Archived from the original on 20 September 2021. Retrieved 20 September 2021.
  26. [26]
    "Socialdemokratiet". Denstoredanske.lex.dk. Archived from the original on 25 September 2021. Retrieved 20 September 2021.
  27. [27]
    "Socialdemokraterne – English version – Votes and seats". S-dialog.dk. Archived from the original on 9 May 2014. Retrieved 18 November 2013.
  28. [28]
    Lee, William (6 October 2011). "Denmark's New Government Rolls Back an Anti-Immigrant Legacy". Time. Archived from the original on 23 August 2013. Retrieved 18 November 2013.
  29. [29]
    "Government defends tax deal with opposition". The Copenhagen Post. 25 June 2012. Archived from the original on 31 May 2013. Retrieved 18 November 2013.
  30. [30]
    "Helle Thorning-Schmidt: Danes must work more". Nordic Labour Journal. 6 October 2011. Archived from the original on 26 June 2015. Retrieved 18 November 2013.
  31. [31]
    Hakim, Danny (30 January 2014). "Goldman Deal Threatens Danish Government". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 10 September 2015. Retrieved 24 June 2015.
  32. [32]
    "Government on track but off message". The Copenhagen Post. 18 May 2012. Archived from the original on 31 May 2013. Retrieved 18 November 2013.
  33. [33]
    "Den utraditionelle socialdemokrat trækker sig" Archived 28 March 2020 at the Wayback Machine (in Danish).
  34. [34]
    O'Sullivan, Feargus (26 January 2016). "Denmark Will Strip Refugees of Their Valuables". CityLab. Archived from the original on 28 August 2019. Retrieved 13 June 2019.
  35. [35]
    Larson, Nina (21 January 2016). "Danish migrant bill blasted at UN". The Local. Archived from the original on 31 August 2019. Retrieved 18 December 2015.
  36. [36]
    Noack, Rick (26 January 2016). "Denmark wants to seize jewelry and cash from refugees". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 28 August 2019. Retrieved 18 December 2015.
  37. [37]
    "Danish police use controversial 'jewellery law' 17 times in last six years".
  38. [38]
    "Danish parliament passes ban on burqa and niqab". The Local Denmark. 31 May 2018. Archived from the original on 20 September 2021. Retrieved 20 September 2021.
  39. [39]
    Ingvorsen, Emil Søndergård (6 June 2019). "Løkke: Mette Frederiksen udpeget som kongelig undersøger" (in Danish). DR. Archived from the original on 7 June 2019. Retrieved 16 June 2019.
  40. [40]
    Müller, Thea Deleuran (27 June 2019). "Danmarks nye regering er nu på plads: Se hele Mette Frederiksens ministerhold her" (in Danish). DR. Archived from the original on 27 June 2019. Retrieved 28 June 2019.
  41. [41]
    "Denmark's youngest prime minister to lead new government". Deutsche Welle. 25 June 2019. Archived from the original on 29 June 2019. Retrieved 27 June 2019.
  42. [42]
    "Social Democrats form government in Denmark". Politico. 26 June 2019. Archived from the original on 22 September 2022. Retrieved 31 July 2019.
  43. [43]
    "Denmark gets new left-wing government with plans to increase welfare spending and scrap anti-immigration measures". The Independent. 26 June 2019. Archived from the original on 12 May 2022. Retrieved 31 July 2019.
  44. [44]
    "Denmark becomes third Nordic country to form leftist government this year". The Japan Times. 26 June 2019. Archived from the original on 31 July 2019. Retrieved 31 July 2019.
  45. [45]
    "Handen Pa Hjertet". Socialdemokratiet. Archived from the original on 16 June 2013. Retrieved 16 November 2013.
  46. [46]
    Copenhagen, Richard Orange (11 May 2019). "Mette Frederiksen: the anti-immigration left leader set to win power in Denmark". The Guardian. Retrieved 8 June 2019.
  47. [47]
    "Socialdemokratiets organisation". Ft.dk. 7 December 2016. Archived from the original on 10 June 2018. Retrieved 20 September 2021.
  48. [48]
    "Henrik Sass forlader Folketinget og bliver direktør for kapitalfonde". Altinget.dk. 18 September 2019. Archived from the original on 24 September 2019. Retrieved 20 September 2021.
  49. [49]
    "Ida Auken skifter til Socialdemokratiet". Altinget.dk. 29 January 2021. Archived from the original on 20 September 2021. Retrieved 20 September 2021.
  50. [50]
    "Find et medlem". Ft.dk. Archived from the original on 20 September 2021. Retrieved 20 September 2021.
  51. [51]
    "Danske MEP'er". Europarl.europa.eu. Archived from the original on 20 September 2021. Retrieved 20 September 2021.
  52. [52]
    "Nordisk Råds medlemmer". Norden.org. Archived from the original on 29 October 2019. Retrieved 20 September 2021.
  53. [53]
    "Om Nordisk Råd". Norden.org. Archived from the original on 16 September 2021. Retrieved 20 September 2021.
  54. [54]
    "DSU's historie". Dsu.net. Archived from the original on 20 September 2021. Retrieved 20 September 2021.
  55. [55]
    "Danmarks Socialdemokratiske Ungdom". Arbejdermuseet.dk. Archived from the original on 9 October 2021. Retrieved 20 September 2021.
  56. [56]
    "Om Frit Forum". Fritforum.dk. Archived from the original on 20 September 2021. Retrieved 20 September 2021.
  57. [57]
    "Frit forum". Leksikon.org. Archived from the original on 20 September 2021. Retrieved 20 September 2021.
Share this article:

This article uses material from the Wikipedia article Socialdemokratiet, and is written by contributors. Text is available under a CC BY-SA 4.0 International License; additional terms may apply. Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.