Socio-economic impact of the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic

The 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic has had far-reaching consequences beyond the spread of the disease and efforts to quarantine it. As the pandemic has spread around the globe, concerns have shifted from supply-side manufacturing issues to decreased business in the services sector.[1]

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Supply shortages are expected to affect a number of sectors due to panic buying, increased usage of goods to fight the pandemic, and disruption to factories and logistics in mainland China. There have been widespread reports of supply shortages of pharmaceuticals,[2] with many areas seeing panic buying and consequent shortages of food and other essential grocery items.[3][4][5] The technology industry, in particular, has been warning about delays to shipments of electronic goods.[6]

On 25 February, it was expected that Australia, mainland China, and Hong Kong would have the most direct economic impacts from the disruption,[7] with Hong Kong already in a recession at that time after a long period of ongoing protests since 2019[8] and Australia widely expected to be in a recession with GDP contracting by 0.2% to 0.5% for 2020,[9] but Morgan Stanley expects the economy of China to grow by between 5.6% (worst-case scenario) to 5.9% for 2020.[10] As mainland China is a major economy and a manufacturing hub, the viral outbreak has been seen to pose a major destabilising threat to the global economy.[needs update] Agathe Demarais of the Economist Intelligence Unit forecast in January that markets would remain volatile until a clearer image emerged on potential outcomes. Some analysts estimated as early as January that the economic fallout of the epidemic on global growth could surpass that of the SARS outbreak.[11] Dr. Panos Kouvelis, director of "The Boeing Center" at Washington University in St. Louis, estimates a $300+ billion impact on world's supply chain that could last up to two years.[12] The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries reportedly "scrambled" after a steep decline in oil prices due to lower demand from China.[13] Global stock markets fell on 24 February 2020 due to a significant rise in the number of COVID-19 cases outside mainland China.[14][15] By 28 February 2020, stock markets worldwide saw their largest single-week declines since the 2008 financial crisis.[16][17][18] Global stock markets crashed in March 2020, with falls of several percent in the world's major indices. As the pandemic spreads, global conferences and events across technology, fashion, and sports are being cancelled or postponed.[19] While the monetary impact on the travel and trade industry is yet to be estimated, it is likely to be in the billions and increasing. By 16 March, news reports emerged indicating that the effect on the United States economy will be worse than previously thought.[20]

Background

Movement of WTI price from 2019, with Black Monday of 2020 changes highlighted in red.

The pandemic coincided with the Chunyun, a major travel season associated with the Chinese New Year holiday. A number of events involving large crowds were cancelled by national and regional governments, including annual New Year festivals, with private companies also independently closing their shops and tourist attractions such as Hong Kong Disneyland and Shanghai Disneyland.[21][22] Many Lunar New Year events and tourist attractions have been closed to prevent mass gatherings, including the Forbidden City in Beijing and traditional temple fairs.[23] In 24 of China's 31 provinces, municipalities and regions, authorities extended the New Year's holiday to 10 February, instructing most workplaces not to re-open until that date.[24][25] These regions represented 80% of the country's GDP and 90% of exports.[25] Hong Kong raised its infectious disease response level to the highest and declared an emergency, closing schools until March and cancelling its New Year celebrations.[26][27]

The demand for personal protection equipment has risen 100-fold, according to WHO director-general Tedros Adhanom. This demand has led to the increase in prices of up to twenty times the normal price and also induced delays on the supply of medical items for four to six months.[28][29]

Political impacts

Main article: Impact of the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic on politics

A number of provincial-level administrators of the Communist Party of China (CPC) were dismissed over their handling of the quarantine efforts in Central China, a sign of discontent with the political establishment's response to the outbreak in those regions. Some experts believe this is likely in a move to protect Communist Party general secretary Xi Jinping from people's anger over the coronavirus pandemic.[30] Some commentators have suggested that outcry over the disease could be a rare protest against the CPC.[31] Additionally, protests in the special administrative region of Hong Kong have strengthened due to fears of immigration from mainland China.[32] Taiwan has also voiced concern over being included in any travel ban involving the People's Republic of China (PRC) due to the "one-China policy" and its disputed political status.[33][33] Further afield, the treasurer of Australia was unable to keep a pledge to maintain a fiscal surplus due to the effect of the coronavirus on the economy.[34] A number of countries have been using the outbreak to show their support to China, such as when Prime Minister Hun Sen of Cambodia made a special visit to China with an aim to showcase Cambodia's support to China in fighting the outbreak of the epidemic.[35]

The United States president Donald Trump was criticised for his response to the pandemic.[36][37][38] He was accused of making several misleading or false claims, of failing to provide adequate information, and of downplaying the pandemic's significance.[39] Trump was also criticised for having closed down the global health security unit of the United States National Security Council, which was founded to prepare the government for potential pandemics.[40] The situation may have a negative impact on his chances of re-election in the 2020 United States presidential election.[41]

The Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran has been heavily affected by the virus, with at least two dozen members (approximately 10%) of the Iranian legislature being infected, as well as at least 15 other current or former top government officials, including the vice-president.[42][43] Advisers to Ali Khamenei and Mohammad Javad Zarif have died from the disease.[44] The spread of the virus has raised questions about the future survival of the regime.[45]

Impact on sovereignty

Geoeconomics and country risk experts have insisted on the potential erosion of political and economic sovereignty that may affect some already enfeebled countries like Italy: Edward Luttwak has called it "the virus of truth” (interview with La7 TV aired on March 10 2020). M. Nicolas Firzli, director of the World Pensions Council (WPC) and advisory board member at the World Bank Global Infrastructure Facility (GIF), refers to it as “the Greater Financial Crisis”, that will “bring to the surface pent-up financial and geopolitical dysfunctions … [many] national economies will suffer as a result, and their political sovereignty itself may be severely eroded.” [46]

Educational impact

Main article: Impact of the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic on education

The pandemic has affected educational systems worldwide, leading to the widespread closures of schools and universities. As of 16 March 2020, governments in 73 countries have announced or implemented school closures, including 56 countries which closed schools nationwide and 17 countries with localised school closures. Country-wide school closures have affected over 421 million learners globally while localised school closures has put over 577 million learners potentially at risk. According to data released by UNESCO on 10 March, school and university closures due to COVID-19 have left one in five students out of school globally.

Religious impact

A church forced to closed because of the coronavirus
Main article: Impact of the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic on religion

The pandemic has impacted religion in various ways, including the cancellation of the worship services of various faiths, the closure of Sunday Schools, as well as the cancellation of pilgrimages surrounding observances and festivals.[47] Many churches, synagogues, mosques, and temples have offered worship through livestream amidst the pandemic.[48] Relief wings of religious organisations have dispatched disinfection supplies, powered air purifying respirators, face shields, gloves, coronavirus nucleic acid detection reagents, ventilators, patient monitors, syringe pumps, infusion pumps, and food to affected areas.[49] Adherents of many religions have gathered together to pray for an end to the pandemic, for those affected by it, as well as for the God they believe in to give physicians and scientists the wisdom to combat the disease;[50][51][52] in the United States, Trump designated 15 March 2020 as a National Day of Prayer for "God’s healing hand to be placed on the people of our Nation".[53][54]

Economic impact

Main article: Coronavirus recession

Coronavirus recession refers to an economic recession which may happen across the world economy in 2020 due to the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic.[55][56][57][58]

Some economists suggest that China's economy may contract for the first time since the 1970s. Caixin's purchasing managers index for the services sector of China's economy fell to 26.5 in February 2020, the lowest figure recorded since the survey's advent in 2005.[59] As the coronavirus spreads around the world, the stock markets have experienced their worst crash since 1987.[citation needed]

Many countries with large economies, such as Italy and Spain, have enacted quarantine policies. This has led to the disruption of business activities in many economic sectors.[citation needed]

Financial impact

Main articles: Financial impact of the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic and 2020 stock market crash
See also: 2020 stock market crash and 2020 Russia–Saudi Arabia oil price war

Economic turmoil associated with the coronavirus pandemic has wide-ranging and severe impacts upon financial markets, including stock, bond, and commodity (including crude oil and gold) markets. Major events included the Russia–Saudi Arabia oil price war that resulted in a collapse of crude oil prices and a stock market crash in March 2020.

Labor market impact

China's coronavirus pandemic resulted in the increase in the number of urban unemployed people by 5 million between January and February 2020.[60] In the week ending 21 March, there were 3.3 million jobless claims in the US, compared to 282 thousand the previous week.[61]

Impact by market sectors

Entertainment
Cinema
Main article: Impact of the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic on cinema

The pandemic has impacted the film industry. Across the world and to varying degrees, cinemas have been closed, festivals have been cancelled or postponed, and film releases have been moved to future dates. As cinemas closed, the global box office dropped by billions of dollars, while streaming became more popular and the stock of Netflix rose; the stock of film exhibitors dropped dramatically. Almost all blockbusters to be released after the March opening weekend were postponed or cancelled around the world, with film productions also halted. Massive losses in the industry have been predicted.

Sports
Main article: Impact of the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic on sports

Several major sporting events were cancelled or postponed, including:

Before most football divisions across Europe were either cancelled or postponed on 12–13 March 2020, matches in different countries such as Bulgaria, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Poland, Spain and Switzerland were either cancelled, postponed or played behind closed doors.[89] As of 13 March 2020, UEFA also considered to suspend the UEFA Euro 2020 and UEFA Women's Euro 2021 as many European football divisions could not be finished in time for the tournaments.[90] Japanese officials suggested that the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo might have to be delayed by up to two years, although the IOC insisted that preparations for the games would continue as planned.[91]

Television
Main article: Impact of the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic on television

The 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic has shut down or delayed production of television programs in several countries.

Video games
Main article: Impact of the coronavirus pandemic on the video game industry

The pandemic also affected the video game sector to a smaller degree. As the outbreak appeared in China first, supply chains affected the manufacturing and production of some video game consoles, delaying their releases and making current supplies scarcer. As the outbreak and pandemic spread, several keystone trade events, including E3 2020, were cancelled over concerns of further spread. The economic impact on the video game sector is not expected to be as large as in film or other entertainment sectors as much of the work in video game production can be decentralised and performed remotely, and products distributed digitally to consumers regardless of various national and regional lockdowns on businesses and services.[92]

Retail sector

Best Buy was only letting a limited number of people into their Union Square store in New York City, 18 March 2020

The 2019-20 coronavirus pandemic has impacted the retail sector. Retail stores across the world have seen product demand exceeding supply for many consumables, resulting in empty retail shelves.[93][94] In Australia, the pandemic has provided a new opportunity for daigou shoppers to re-sell into the China market. "The virus crisis, while frightening, has a silver lining".[95][96] Some retailers are looking at contactless home delivery.[97]

Shopping centers around the world responded by reducing hours or closing down temporarily in response. As of 18 March 2020, the footfall to shopping centers fell by up-to 30%, with significant impact in every continent.[98] Simon Property Group became the first major US-based mall operator to close all centers on 18 March, with government mandated closures in UAE, Italy, Germany, Spain, Brazil and Austria as of 23 March.

Restaurant sector

Main article: Impact of the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic on the restaurant industry

The 2019-20 coronavirus pandemic has impacted the restaurant business. In the beginning of March 2020, some major cities in the US announced that bars and restaurants would be closed to sit-down diners and limited to takeout orders and delivery.[99] Some employees were fired, and more employees lacked sick leave in the sector compared to similar sectors.[100][101] With only carry-out and delivery services, most servers and bartenders were laid off, prompting these employees creating "virtual tip jars" across 23 U.S. cities.[102]

Science and technology

Main article: Impact of the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic on science and technology

The pandemic has impacted productivity of science, space and technology projects, and to the world's leading space agencies - including NASA and the European Space Agency having to halt production of the Space Launch System, James Webb Space Telescope, and put space science probes into hibernation or low power mode. Most of both agencies' field centers have directed most personnel to telework.[103][104][105][106]

Tourism

Events and institutions impacts
Main articles: List of major affected events and List of closed public venues and institutions

The pandemic has caused major events around the world to be cancelled or postponed and public venues and institutions to be closed.

Transportation

Aviation
Main article: Impact of the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic on aviation
A nearly empty flight from Beijing to Los Angeles during the pandemic

The pandemic has had a significant impact on aviation industry due to the resulting travel restrictions as well as slump in demand among travellers. Significant reductions in passenger numbers has resulted in planes flying empty between airports and the cancellation of flights.

Possible long-term impacts

The possibility has been raised that the pandemic could cause a "revolution in working from home", as major companies have implemented expanded telecommuting arrangements for their employees in order to prevent the virus from spreading.[107] There could also be a negative impact on business travel and international conferencing and the rise of their virtual equivalents.[108]

There have also been claims that globalisation could be jeopardised by a prolonged global health crisis, as supply chains have been disrupted and reliance on the Chinese economy questioned.[109] Also, restrictions on immigration and increased border enforcement may be seen as justified.[110]

The pandemic may have mixed effects on the fight against climate change. Reductions in industrial and transportation activity should reduce emissions in the short-term, while the cheaper oil prices will make it harder for the dirtiest oil to compete.[111] However, emissions are expected to rebound following a possible recession.[111] As resources are diverted from climate action, the world's clean energy transition may be slowed down.[112]

On 24 March 2020, German financial analyst Walter Kohl warned that, besides the medical and economic crises that followed from the pandemic, it was likely to also lead to a currency crisis in the Euro zone. Italy and Spain, the two EU countries most affected by the disease, still have not fully recovered from the European debt crisis of 2014, and might need support to avoid national bankruptcy.[113]

Socio-economic impact by region and country

East Asia

Mainland China
Main article: 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic in mainland China

The economy of China was anticipated to generate billions in economic output. Morgan Stanley expected the economy of China to grow by between 5.6% (worst-case scenario) to 5.9% for 2020.[10] For reference, China generated US$143 billion in February 2019, the month of Chinese New Year.[114] The Chinese Ministry of Transport reported that trips on trains dropped 73% to 190 million trips from the previous year. Factories, retailers, and restaurant chains closed.[115]

All 70,000 theatre screens in the country were shuttered, wiping out the entire box office. This is drastically in stark difference from the week of Chinese New Year in 2019 that generated $836 million.[116]

Though cautioning that the economic impact would be short-term, PRC National Development and Reform Commission party secretary Cong Liang views small and medium businesses encountering more difficulties in their operations. Human Resources and Social Security Assistant Minister You Jun specified that agricultural workers and college graduates would have difficulties.[117]

Animated map showing confirmed 2019-nCoV cases spreading from 22 January (high resolution)

Tourism in China has been hit hard by travel restrictions and fears of contagion, including a ban on both domestic and international tour groups.[118] Many airlines have either cancelled or greatly reduced flights to China and several travel advisories now warn against travel to China. Many countries, including France, Japan, Australia, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and the United States, have evacuated their nationals from the Wuhan and Hubei provinces.[119]

The majority of schools and universities have extended their annual holidays to mid-February.[120] Overseas students enrolled at Chinese universities have been returning home over fears of being infected—the first cases to be reported by Nepal and Kerala, a southern state of India, were both of students who had returned home.[121][121][122] Nearly 200 million students have been affected by the in-school closures, with the second semester after the Chunyun resuming on 17 February through online classes for students to follow from their homes instead. The Ministry of Education has introduced a 7,000-server supported "national Internet cloud classroom" to cater to the 50 million elementary and middle school student populations.[123]

The Finance Ministry of China announced it would fully subsidise personal medical costs incurred by patients.[124]

CNN reported that some people from Wuhan "have become outcasts in their own country, shunned by hotels, neighbors and – in some areas – placed under controversial quarantine measures."[125]

The sale of new cars in China has been affected due to the outbreak. There was a 92% reduction on the volume of cars sold during the first two weeks of February 2020.[126]

On 24 February, China's Standing Committee declared an immediate and "comprehensive" ban on its US$74 billion wildlife trade industry, citing the "prominent problem of excessive consumption of wild animals, and the huge hidden dangers to public health and safety" that has been revealed by the outbreak. This permanently extends the temporary ban already in place since the end of January.[127][128]

According to Carbon Brief, the coronavirus pandemic has resulted in China's greenhouse gas emissions being reduced by 25%.[129] In March 2020, satellite images from space provided by NASA revealed that pollution has dropped significantly, which has been attributed in part to the slowdown of economic activity as a result of the outbreak.[130]

Face mask shortage
People in Wuhan lining up in front of a drug store to buy surgical masks
A notice at a supermarket in Beijing, which says each person can only buy one pack of surgical masks and one bottle of 84 disinfectant liquid a day

As the epidemic accelerated, the mainland market saw a shortage of face masks due to the increased need from the public.[131] It was reported that Shanghai customers had to queue for nearly an hour to buy a pack of face masks which was sold out in another half an hour.[132] Some stores are hoarding, driving up prices and other acts, so the market regulator said it will crack down on such acts.[133][134] The shortage will not be relieved until late February when most workers return from the New Year vacation according to Lei Limin, an expert in the industry.[135]

On 22 January 2020, Taobao, China's largest e-commerce platform owned by Alibaba Group, said that all face masks on Taobao and Tmall would not be allowed to increase in price. Special subsidies would be provided to the retailers. Also, Alibaba Health's "urgent drug delivery" service would not be closed during the Spring Festival.[136] JD, another leading Chinese e-commerce platform, said, "We are actively working to ensure supply and price stability from sources, storage and distribution, platform control and so on" and "while fully ensuring price stability for JD's own commodities, JD.com has also exercised strict control over the commodities on JD's platform. Third-party vendors selling face masks are prohibited from raising prices. Once it is confirmed that the prices of third-party vendors have increased abnormally, JD will immediately remove the offending commodities from shelves and deal with the offending vendors accordingly."[137] Other major e-commerce platforms including Sunning.com and Pinduoduo also promised to keep the prices of health products stable.[138][139]

Economy

China's economic growth is expected to slow by up to 1.1% in the first half of 2020 as economic activity is negatively affected by the new coronavirus pandemic, according to a Morgan Stanley study cited by Reuters.[140] But on 1 February 2020, the People's Bank of China said that the impact of the epidemic on China's economy was temporary and that the fundamentals of China's long-term positive and high-quality growth remained unchanged.[141]

Due to the outbreak, the Shanghai Stock Exchange and the Shenzhen Stock Exchange announced that with the approval of the China Securities Regulatory Commission, the closing time for the Spring Festival will be extended to 2 February and trading will resume on 3 February.[142][143] Before that, on 23 January, the last trading day of a shares before the Spring Festival, all three major stock indexes opened lower, creating a drop of about 3%, and the Shanghai Composite Index fell below 3000.[144] On 2 February, the first trading day after the holiday, the three major indexes even set a record low opening of about 8%.[145] By the end of the day, the decline narrowed slightly to about 7%, the Shenzhen index fell below 10,000 points, a total of 3,177 stocks in the two markets fell.[146]

The People's Bank of China and the State Administration of Foreign Exchange have announced that the inter-bank Renminbi foreign exchange market, the foreign currency-to-market and the foreign currency market will extend their holiday closed until 2 February 2020.[147] When the market opened on 3 February, the Renminbi was now depreciating against major foreign currencies. The central parity rate of the Renminbi against the US dollar opened at 6.9249, a drop of 373 basis points from the previous trading day.[148] It fell below the 7.00 than an hour after the opening,[149] and closed at 7.0257.[150]

Hong Kong
Main article: 2020 coronavirus pandemic in Hong Kong

Hong Kong has seen high-profile protests that saw tourist arrivals from mainland China plummet over an eight-month period. The viral epidemic put additional pressure on the travel sector to withstand a prolonged period of downturn.[151] A drop in arrivals from third countries more resilient during the previous months has also been cited as a concern.[119] The city is already in recession[151] and Moody has lowered the city's credit rating.[152][153] The worst economic effects from the outbreak are expected for Australia, Hong Kong and China.[154]

There has also been a renewed increase in protest activity as hostile sentiment against mainland Chinese strengthened over fears of viral transmission from mainland China, with many calling for the border ports to be closed and for all mainland Chinese travellers to be refused entry. Incidents have included a number of petrol bombs being thrown at police stations,[155] a homemade bomb exploding in a toilet,[156] and foreign objects being thrown onto transit rail tracks between Hong Kong and the mainland Chinese border.[157] Political issues raised have included concerns that mainland Chinese may prefer to travel to Hong Kong to seek free medical help (which has since been addressed by the Hong Kong government).[158][159]

Since the outbreak of the virus, a significant number of products have been sold out across the city, including face masks and disinfectant products (such as alcohol and bleach).[160] An ongoing period of panic buying has also caused many stores to be cleared of non-medical products such as bottled water, vegetables and rice.[161] The Government of Hong Kong had its imports of face masks cancelled as global face mask stockpiles decline.[162]

In view of the coronavirus pandemic, the Education Bureau closed all kindergartens, primary schools, secondary schools and special schools until 17 February.[163] This was later extended to 1 March due to further development of the epidemic.[164] The disruption has raised concerns over the situation of students who are due to take examinations at the end of the year, especially in light of the protest-related disruption that happened in 2019.[165]

On 5 February, flag carrier Cathay Pacific requested its 27,000 employees to voluntarily take three weeks of unpaid leave by the end of June. The airline had previously reduced flights to mainland China by 90% and to overall flights by 30%.[166]

Macau
Main article: 2020 coronavirus pandemic in Macau

On 4 February 2020, all casinos in Macau were ordered shut down for 15 days.[167][168] All casinos reopened on 20 February 2020,[169] but visitor numbers remained low due to the pandemic, with hotels at less than 12% occupancy at the end of February.[170]

Japan
Main article: 2020 coronavirus pandemic in Japan
Shelves in a pharmacy in Japan sold out of masks on 3 February 2020

Prime Minister Shinzō Abe has said that "the new coronavirus is having a major impact on tourism, the economy and our society as a whole".[171][172] Face masks have sold out across the nation and stocks of face masks are depleted within a day of new arrivals.[173] There has been pressure placed on the healthcare system as demands for medical checkups increase.[174] Chinese people have reported increasing discrimination.[175] The health minister has pointed out that the situation has not reached a point where mass gatherings must be called off 1 February 2020.[176]

Aviation, retail and tourism sectors have reported decreased sales and some manufactures have complained about disruption to Chinese factories, logistics and supply chains.[177] Prime Minister Abe has considered using emergency funds to mitigate the outbreak's impact on tourism, of which Chinese nationals account for 40%.[178] S&P Global noted that the worst hit shares were from companies spanning travel, cosmetics and retail sectors which are most exposed to Chinese tourism.[179] Nintendo announced that they would delay shipment of the Nintendo Switch, which is manufactured in China, to Japan.[180]

The outbreak itself has been a concern for the 2020 Summer Olympics which is scheduled to take place in Tokyo starting at the end of July. The national government has thus been taking extra precautions to help minimise the outbreak's impact.[181][182] The Tokyo organising committee and the International Olympic Committee have been monitoring the outbreak's impact in Japan.[181]

On 27 February 2020, Prime Minister Shinzo Abe requested that all Japanese elementary, junior high, and high schools close until late March, the end of the school year, to help contain the virus. Schools will only reopen for the next term after spring break in early April and the nationwide closures will affect 13 million students.[183][184]

South Korea
Main article: 2020 coronavirus pandemic in South Korea
Coronavirus infection prevention tips banner in Seoul

On 5 February 2020, Hyundai Motor Company was forced to suspend production in South Korea due to shortage in supply of parts.[185][186]

South Korea has been reporting increasing human-to-human community transmission of COVID-19 since 19 February 2020, traced to a church of Shincheonji, located near the city of Daegu. Apart from the city of Daegu and the church community involved, most of South Korea is operating close to normality, although nine planned festivals have been closed and tax-free retailers are closing.[187] South Korean military manpower agency made an announcement that conscription from the Daegu will temporarily be suspended.[188] The Daegu Office of Education decided to postpone the start of every school in the region by one week.[189]

Numerous educational institutes have temporarily shut down, including dozens of kindergartens in Daegu and several elementary schools in Seoul.[190] As of 18 February, most universities in South Korea had announced plans to postpone the start of the spring semester. This included 155 universities planning to delay the semester start by 2 weeks to 16 and 22 March universities planning to delay the semester start by 1 week to 9 March.[191] Also, on 23 February 2020, all kindergartens, elementary schools, middle schools, and high schools were announced to delay the semester start from 2 to 9 March.[192]

The economy of South Korea is forecast to grow 1.9%, which is down from 2.1%. The government has provided 136.7 billion won for local governments as support.[187] The government has also organised the procurement of masks and other hygiene equipment.[187]

Taiwan
Main article: 2020 coronavirus pandemic in Taiwan
Surgical masks used by people in Taiwan
Surgical masks and other medical equipment sold out in Taiwan

On 24 January, the Taiwanese government announced a temporary ban on the export of face masks for a month in order to secure a supply of masks for its own citizens.[193][194] On 2 February 2020, Taiwan's Central Epidemic Command Center postponed the opening of primary and secondary schools until 25 February.[195][196] Taiwan has also announced a ban of cruise ships from entering all Taiwanese ports.[197] In January, Italy has banned flights from mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan. On 10 February, the Philippines announced it will ban the entry of Taiwanese citizens due to the One-China Policy.[198] Later on 14 February, Presidential Spokesperson of Philippines, Salvador Panelo, announced the lifting of the temporary ban on Taiwan.[199] In early February 2020 Taiwan's Central Epidemic Command Center requested the mobilisation of the Taiwanese Armed Forces to contain the spread of the virus and to build up the defences against it. Soldiers were dispatched to the factory floors of major mask manufacturers to help staff the 62 additional mask production lines being set up at the time.[200]

In the aviation industry, Taiwanese carrier China Airlines's direct flights to Rome have been rejected and cancelled since Italy has announced the ban on Taiwanese flights.[201] On the other hand, the second-largest Taiwanese carrier, Eva Air, has also postponed the launch of Milan and Phuket flights.[202] Both Taiwanese airlines have cut numerous cross-strait destinations, leaving just three Chinese cities still served.[203]

Other parts of Asia

South Asia
India
Main article: 2020 coronavirus pandemic in India

In India, economists expect the near-term impact of the outbreak to be limited to the supply chains of major conglomerates, especially pharmaceuticals, fertilisers, automobiles, textiles and electronics. A severe impact on global trade logistics is also expected due to disruption of logistics in mainland China, but due to the combined risk with regional geopolitical tensions, wider trade wars and Brexit.[204] The stock market took a bearish mode in response to COVID-19. The BSE SENSEX fell 2919 and NIFTY 50 fell 950 points in a single day on 12 March 2020.[205]

On 19 March 2020, the Indian government has banned the export of ventilators, surgical/disposable masks and textile raw materials out of the country.[206]

Sri Lanka

In Sri Lanka, research houses expect the economic impact to be limited to a short-term impact on the tourism and transport sectors.[207]

Southeast Asia

Among Association of Southeast Asian Nations countries, the city-state of Singapore was forecast to be one of the worst hit countries by Maybank.[208] The tourism sector was considered to be an "immediate concern" along with the effects on production lines due to disruption to factories and logistics in mainland China.[209] Singapore has witnessed panic buying of essential groceries,[210] and of masks, thermometers and sanitation products despite being advised against doing so by the Government.[211][212] Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong said that a recession in the country is a possibility, and that the country's economy "would definitely take a hit".[213]

Prime Minister Hun Sen of Cambodia made a special visit to China with an aim to showcase Cambodia's support to China in fighting the outbreak of the epidemic.[214]

Coronavirus fears lead to panic buying of essentials in Singapore

Maybank economists rated Thailand as being most at risk, with the threat of the viral outbreak's impact on tourism causing the Thai baht to fall to a seven-month low.[215]

In Indonesia, over 10,000 Chinese tourists cancelled trips and flights to major destinations such as Bali, Jakarta, Bandung, etc., over coronavirus fears. Many existing Chinese visitors are queuing up with the Indonesian authority appealing for extended stay.[216] Panic buying has also hit the capital city, Jakarta. As the first reported cases of COVID-19 was announced by the government at 3 March.[217]

In Malaysia, economists predicted that the outbreak would affect the country's GDP, trade and investment flows, commodity prices and tourist arrivals.[218] Initially, the cycling race event Le Tour de Langkawi was rumoured to be cancelled, but the organiser stated that it would continue to be held as usual. Despite this, two cycling teams, the Hengxiang Cycling Team and the Giant Cycling Team, both from China, were pulled from participating in this race due to fear of the coronavirus pandemic.[219] As the outbreak situation has worsened, some of the upcoming concerts held in the country, such as Kenny G, Jay Chou, Joey Yung, The Wynners, Super Junior, Rockaway Festival and Miriam Yeung, were postponed to a future date, and the upcoming Seventeen concert was cancelled.[220]

West Asia
Iran
Main article: 2020 coronavirus pandemic in Iran
Saudi Arabia
Main article: 2020 coronavirus pandemic in Saudi Arabia

On 27 February, Saudi Arabia halted travel to Mecca and Medina over coronavirus. This has prevented foreigners from reaching the holy city of Mecca and the Kaaba. Travel was also suspended to Muhammad's mosque in Medina.[221] Images of the emptied ṣaḥn of the Great Mosque of Mecca, where pilgrims are ordinarily performing the tawaf around the Kaaba, went viral on social media.[222]

Europe

Main article: 2020 coronavirus pandemic in Europe

In Spain, a large number of exhibitors (including Chinese firms Huawei and Vivo) announced plans to pull out of or reduce their presence at Mobile World Congress, a wireless industry trade show in Barcelona, due to concerns over coronavirus.[223][224][225] On 12 February 2020, GSMA CEO John Hoffman announced that the event had been cancelled, as the concerns had made it "impossible" to host.[226]

Owing to an increase in the demand for masks,[227] on 1 February most masks were sold out in Portuguese pharmacies.[228] On 4 February, President Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa admitted that the epidemic of the new coronavirus in China "affects the economic activity of a very powerful economy and thus affects the world's economic activity or could affect". He also admitted the possibility of economic upheavals due to the break in production."[229] On 28 February, the Swiss government has banned all public and private gatherings of more than 1,000 people until 15 March, including forcing through a cancellation of the Geneva International Motor Show.[230]

European Commissioner for Internal Market and Services Thierry Breton has asked streaming video services operating in the EU to reduce the amount of bandwidth used by their services in order to preserve capacity and infrastructure. Netflix and YouTube have complied with this request.[231][232]

Germany
Main article: 2020 coronavirus pandemic in Germany

According to the Deutsche Bank the outbreak of the novel coronavirus / COVID-19 may contribute to a recession in Germany.[233][234]

Italy
Main article: 2020 coronavirus pandemic in Italy
Civil Protection volunteers carrying out health checks at the Guglielmo Marconi Airport in Bologna, Italy
Empty shelves at the Esselunga supermarket in Bergamo, Italy

On 21 February, at least ten towns in the Lombardy and Veneto regions of Italy, with a total population of 50,000, were locked down in quarantine procedure following an outbreak in the town of Codogno in Lombardy. Police mandated a curfew closing all public buildings and controlling access through police checkpoints to the so-called 'red zone' which is enforced under penalty by fines against trespassers who are not health or supply workers.[235] The government of Italian Prime Minister Giuseppe Conte vowed that sending in "the armed forces" to enforce the lockdown was within possibility.[236] Schools and universities have been closed throughout Northern Italy along with museums, and various festivities, concerts, sporting events and church masses have been cancelled as of 23 February.[237] On 4 March, these closures were extended to all schools and universities nationwide.[238]

Sustained panic buying of groceries has reportedly cleared out supermarkets, and several major events were cancelled, such as the annual Carnival of Venice, along with the cancellation of Serie A football matches on 23 February by the Sports Ministry.[239] Concerns about the Milan Fashion Week has led to several fashion houses declaring that they will only hold broadcast, closed-door shows with no spectators. As of 26 February 2020, there have been 456 coronavirus cases in Italy, 190 of which have been also confirmed by the Istituto Superiore di Sanità.[240][241]

By 12 March 2020, the number of cases in Italy had risen to 15,113, including 1,016 fatalities.[242] On 9 March 2020, Italy declared a nation-wide quarantine.[243] Since 10 March 2020, all residents need a special form to be allowed to leave their homes.[244] On 11 March 2020, all shops and businesses were closed except food shops and pharmacies.[245]

Portugal
Main article: 2020 coronavirus pandemic in Portugal

Due to an increase in the demand for masks,[227] on 1 February most masks were sold out in Portuguese pharmacies.[246]

On 4 February, Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa, the President of the Portuguese Republic, admitted that the epidemic of the new coronavirus in China "affects the economic activity of a very powerful economy and thus affects the world's economic activity or could affect". He also admitted the possibility of economic upheavals due to the break in production."[247]

United Kingdom
Main article: 2020 coronavirus pandemic in the United Kingdom

On 13 February, heavy equipment manufacturer JCB announced its plan to reduce working hours and production due to shortages in their supply chain caused by the outbreak.[248]

On 5 March, British airline Flybe finally collapsed into administration with the loss of 2,000 jobs after failing to secure financial support. The airline said the impact of the coronavirus pandemic is partly to blame for its collapse. Flybe provided more than half of UK domestic flights outside London.[249]

North America

Canada
Main article: 2020 coronavirus pandemic in Canada

On 4 March, Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau announced the creation of a new cabinet committee to manage the federal response to the coronavirus disease.[250] A week later, on 11 March, the government announced a CA$1 billion COVID-19 Response Fund that included a $50 million contribution to the World Health Organization and an additional $275 million to fund coronavirus research in Canada.[251][252]

On 13 March, the Bank of Canada lowered the overnight rate target by 50 basis points to 0.75 percent in an unscheduled rate decision citing the "negative shocks to Canada's economy arising from the COVID-19 pandemic and the recent sharp drop in oil prices."[253][254]

United States
Empty shelves from panic buying at the Sams Club in Lufkin, Texas, on 13 March 2020.
Main article: 2020 coronavirus pandemic in the United States

The viral outbreak was cited by many companies in their briefings to shareholders, but several maintained confidence that they would not be too adversely affected by short-term disruption due to "limited" exposure to the Chinese consumer market. Those with manufacturing lines in mainland China warned about possible exposure to supply shortages.[255]

Silicon Valley representatives expressed worries about serious disruption to production lines, as much of the technology sector relies on factories in mainland China. Since there had been a scheduled holiday over Lunar New Year, the full effects of the outbreak on the tech sector were considered to be unknown as of 31 January 2020, according to The Wall Street Journal.[256]

Cities with high populations of Chinese residents have seen an increase in demand for face masks to protect against the virus;[257] many are purchasing masks to mail to relatives in mainland China, Hong Kong, and Macau, where there is a shortage of masks.[258]

As of February 2020, many stores in the United States had sold out of masks.[258] This mask shortage has caused an increase in prices.[259]

Universities in the United States have warned about a significant impact to their income due to the large number of Chinese international students potentially unable to attend classes.[260]

The Washington Post reported in February that President Donald Trump told advisors that he did not want the government to say or do anything that might spook the stock market, on concerns a large-scale outbreak could hurt his reelection chances.[261]

On 26 February, The New York Times (NYT) reported a case in California which the Center for Disease Control confirmed as the first possible community transmission of coronavirus in the United States.[262]

On 27 February, the NYT reported delay in diagnosis of the community transmission case in California.[263] A later article in the NYT on 27 February discussed a whistleblower's allegation's of the ineptitude of preparedness at Travis Air Force Base near Fairfield, California and March Air Reserve Base in Riverside County, California to receive possible coronavirus transmitters for diagnosis and treatment.[264] The same day, a report by Goldman Sachs forecast that it believes American companies "will generate no earnings growth in 2020," wiping out an earnings recovery that was expected for the year after "lackluster profit reports for most of 2019"[265]

On 27 February, U.S. stocks were on their way to the largest loss for a week since 2008, and the Dow Jones Industrial Average fell 1190 points in one day. On 28 February the average dropped below 25000 briefly.[266][267] The Dow Jones ended the week down 12.4 percent, the S&P 500 Index 11.5 percent, and the Nasdaq Composite down 10.5 percent.[268] Stocks fell to 18,592 points (Dow average) on 23 March after a procedural Senate vote on a coronavirus economic stimulus bill failed for the second time in two days.[269]

On the evening of 11 March, the National Basketball Association announced that the rest of its season would be suspended indefinitely, and the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) announced that its men's and women's basketball tournaments would be played without fans.[270] The following day, the NCAA initially announced that it would cancel the basketball tournaments,[271] but later that day announced that all championship events throughout all sports would be cancelled until 2020–21.[272]

South America

Argentina
Main article: 2020 coronavirus pandemic in Argentina

The pandemic and the global economic and financial slowdown triggered with it arrived to Argentina in a moment in which the country is in recession since 2018 and in a debt crisis. The government of the brand new president Alberto Fernández is at a crucial point in ongoing talks with its creditors in search of a restructuring of the payment of the contracted foreign debt.[273] On 19 March 2020, Argentina declared a nation-wide quarantine.[274]

Brazil
Main article: 2020 coronavirus pandemic in Brazil

Two Brazilian banks predicted the deceleration of economic growth in China. UBS has reviewed its estimations from 6% to 5.4%, while Itaú stated a reduction to 5.8%.[275]

A representative of some of the bigger Brazilian companies of the electronics sector, Eletros, stated that the current stock for the supply of components is enough for around 10 to 15 days.[275]

The prices of soy-beans, oil, and iron ore have been falling. These three goods represent 30%, 24% and 21% of the Brazilian exports to China, respectively.[275][276][277]

Oceania

Australia
Main article: 2020 coronavirus pandemic in Australia

Australia is expected to be one of three economies worst affected by the epidemic, along with mainland China, and Hong Kong.[154] Early estimations have GDP contracting by 0.2% to 0.5%[9][278] and more than 20,000 Australian jobs being lost.[279] The Australian Treasurer, Josh Frydenberg said that the country would no longer be able to promise a budget surplus due to the outbreak.[34] The Australian dollar dropped to its lowest value since the Great Recession.[280]

The Australasian College for Emergency Medicine called for a calm and a fact-based response to the epidemic, asking people to avoid racism, "panic and division" and the spread of misinformation.[281] A large amount of protective face masks were purchased by foreign and domestic buyers, which has sparked a nationwide face masks shortage.[282] In response to price increases of nearly 2000%, the Pharmaceutical Society of Australia has called on these "unethical suppliers" to keep supplies affordable.[282]

Tourism bodies have suggested that the total economic cost to the sector, as of 11 February 2020, would be A$4.5 billion. Casino earnings are expected to fall.[283] At least two localities in Australia, Cairns and the Gold Coast, have reported already lost earnings of more that $600 million.[284] The Australian Tourism Industry Council (ATIC) called on the Government of Australia for financial support especially in light of the large number of small businesses affected.[285]

Mining companies are thought to be highly exposed to the outbreak, since sales to China constitute 93% of the sales of Fortescue Metals, 55% of the sales of BHP, and 45% of the sales of Rio Tinto.[283] The iron ore shipping gauge dropped 99.9% as a result of the outbreak,[286] and the virus has made shipping and logistic operations of mining companies more complicated.[287]

Agriculture is also experiencing negative effects from the outbreak,[288] including the Australian dairy industry,[289] fishing industry,[290] wine producers,[291] and meat producers.[278] On 13 February 2020, Rabobank, which specialises in agricultural banking, warned that the agricultural sector had eight weeks for the coronavirus to be contained before facing major losses.[292]

The education sector is expected to suffer a US$5 billion loss according to an early government estimate,[293][294] including costs due to "tuition fee refunds, free deferral of study, realignment of teaching calendars and student accommodation costs."[295] The taxpayer is likely to be required to cover the shortfall in education budgets.[296] An estimated 100,000 students were not able to enroll at the start of the semester.[297] Nearly two-thirds of Chinese students were forced to remain overseas due to visa restrictions on travellers from mainland China.[298] Salvatore Babones, associate professor at the University of Sydney, stated that "Australia will remain an attractive study destination for Chinese students, but it may take several years for Chinese student numbers to recover".[295]

The Australian Football League (AFL) match between the St Kilda and Port Adelaide Football Clubs, which was scheduled to be played on Sunday, 31 May at Jiangwan Stadium in Shanghai, was transferred to Marvel Stadium in Melbourne due to concerns over the coronavirus pandemic; this match will now be played one week later than planned, on Sunday, 7 June.[299][300]

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