South_Bougainville_languages
South Bougainville languages
Language family of Bougainville, Papua New Guinea
The South Bougainville or East Bougainville languages are a small language family spoken on the island of Bougainville in Papua New Guinea. They were classified as East Papuan languages by Stephen Wurm, but this does not now seem tenable, and was abandoned in Ethnologue (2009).
Quick Facts Geographic distribution, Linguistic classification ...
| South Bougainville | |
|---|---|
| East Bougainville | |
| Geographic distribution | Bougainville Island |
| Linguistic classification | One of the world's primary language families |
| Subdivisions |
|
| Glottolog | sout2948 |
Language families of the Solomon Islands. South Bougainville | |
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Glottolog v4.8 presents the following classification for the South Bougainville languages:[1]
| South Bougainville |
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Pronouns
Ross reconstructed three pronoun paradigms for proto-South Bougainville, free forms plus agentive and patientive (see morphosyntactic alignment) affixes:
More information I, we ...
| I | we | you | s/he, they | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| free | *ni(ŋ) | *nee DL *ni PL | *da SG *dee DL *dai PL | *ba SG *bee DL *bai PL |
| patientive | *-m | *-d | *-b | |
| agentive | *a | *o | *i or *e | *u |
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- SG: singular; DL: dual; PL: plural
Lexicon
A detailed historical-comparative study of South Bougainville has been carried out by Evans (2009).[2] Reconstructed Proto-South Bougainville lexicon from Evans (2009):
- Proto-South Bougainville reconstructed lexicon
More information Gloss, Proto-South Bougainville ...
| Gloss | Proto-South Bougainville |
|---|---|
| blood | *ereŋ |
| bone | *kōna |
| ear | *rome |
| eye | *rutɔ |
| fat, grease | *titi |
| guts | *kō |
| hand (arm) | *komɔ |
| head | *bore |
| knee | *mī |
| left (hand) | *mɔre- |
| liver | *nonɔŋ |
| neck | *kuru |
| nose | *keni |
| right (hand) | *mē- |
| tongue | *meneŋ |
| wing | *kupɔ |
| three | *be- |
| four | *kɔre- |
| ten | *nɔraŋ |
| brother (older of male) | *batato |
| brother (older of male) | *tāta |
| child | *tōtō |
| daughter (my) | *norɔ |
| father | *bomɔ |
| husband | *bɔ[m,ŋ] |
| man | *nugaŋ |
| mother | *bōko |
| person | *nɔmm[e,ai] |
| name | *mīŋ |
| son (my) | *nuri |
| wife | *bana |
| cloud | *kɔmo |
| dust | *rɔmo |
| garden | *kɔti |
| island | *mɔto |
| ocean | *maira |
| sand | *piti(a) |
| sea | *piruŋ |
| sky | *pɔn(iŋ) |
| smoke | *ī |
| sun | *rua |
| water | *doŋ |
| betelnut | *mōti |
| branch | *āgu |
| coconut (tree) | *mou |
| fruit, seed | *tinaŋ |
| leaf | *pɔda |
| mango | *baiti |
| sugarcane | *tɔnɔŋ |
| sweet potato | (*ane) |
| tobacco | *buru |
| tree | *koi |
| (tree) trunk | *mono |
| bird | *bɔrege |
| dog | *masika |
| eel | *baramɔ |
| fowl, chicken | *kokore |
| rat | *koto |
| bad | *orara |
| big | *pɔn(n)ɔ |
| black | *muŋ[i,o] |
| cold | *kamari |
| dirty | *kumi |
| far | *iti- |
| hungry | *perɔ |
| long, tall | *iti- |
| old | *uri- |
| sick | *tipɔ |
| thick | *mōtu |
| warm, hot | *tɔkɔtɔkɔ |
| white | *kākɔtɔ |
| fall | *ru- |
| flow | *tū |
| go | *be- |
| push | *tūme |
| put | *ti- |
| turn | *bero- |
| breathe, live | *roma- |
| cough | *k(o)u- |
| die | *bō |
| drink, eat | *nai |
| hear | *tarɔ- |
| sleep | *ati- |
| smell | *nū- |
| spit | *tutu- |
| suck | *muti- |
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South Bougainville words of likely Proto-Oceanic origin:[3]
More information language, family ...
| language | family | pig | fence | left | fish | back | shark |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nagovisi | South Bougainville | polo | para | akona- | kalege | vilo | — |
| Nasioi | South Bougainville | poro | parang | mare- | taki | bilo' | — |
| Buin | South Bougainville | uuru | holo | mori- | iana | muure | paaoi |
| Motuna | South Bougainville | huuru | horo | mori- | koringi | muuri | pakoi |
| Proto-Oceanic | Austronesian | *borok | *bara | *mawiri | *ikan | *muri- | *bakiwa |
| Torau | Austronesian | boo | barabara | mairi- | iala | mudi- | vavoi |
| Uruava | Austronesian | boro | bara | iana | pou- | bakubaku | |
| Mono-Alu | Austronesian | boʔo | — | karaka | iana | aro- | baʔoi |
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South Bougainville languages have SOV word order, unlike the SVO Oceanic languages.[3]
Wiktionary has a list of reconstructed forms at Appendix:Proto-South Bougainville reconstructions
- Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (2023-07-10). "Glottolog 4.8 - South Bougainville". Glottolog. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. doi:10.5281/zenodo.7398962. Archived from the original on 2023-08-24. Retrieved 2023-10-18.
- Evans, Bethwyn. 2009. Beyond pronouns: further evidence for South Bougainville. In Bethwyn Evans (ed.), Discovering history through language: Papers in honour of Malcolm Ross, 73-101. Canberra: Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University.
- Stebbins, Tonya; Evans, Bethwyn; Terrill, Angela (2018). "The Papuan languages of Island Melanesia". In Palmer, Bill (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 775–894. ISBN 978-3-11-028642-7.
- Structural Phylogenetics and the Reconstruction of Ancient Language History. Michael Dunn, Angela Terrill, Ger Reesink, Robert A. Foley, Stephen C. Levinson. Science magazine, 23 Sept. 2005, vol. 309, p 2072.
- Malcolm Ross (2005). "Pronouns as a preliminary diagnostic for grouping Papuan languages." In: Andrew Pawley, Robert Attenborough, Robin Hide and Jack Golson, eds, Papuan pasts: cultural, linguistic and biological histories of Papuan-speaking peoples, 15-66. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.