St Monans (/ˈmoʊnənz/ ^ⓘ, locally /ˈsɪmənənz/ ^ⓘ),^[2] sometimes spelt St Monance, is a village and parish in the East Neuk of Fife and is named after the legendary Saint Monan.

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St Monans
St Monans (west end of harbour)
St Monans Location within Fife
Population	1,130 (mid-2020 est.)[1]
OS grid reference	NO524017
Council area	Fife
Lieutenancy area	Fife
Country	Scotland
Sovereign state	United Kingdom
Post town	Anstruther
Postcode district	KY10
Dialling code	01333
Police	Scotland
Fire	Scottish
Ambulance	Scottish
UK Parliament	North East Fife
Scottish Parliament	North East Fife
List of places UK Scotland 56.206036°N 2.766582°W / 56.206036; -2.766582

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Situated approximately three miles (five kilometres) west of Anstruther, the small community, whose inhabitants used to make their living mainly from fishing, is now a tourist destination situated on the Fife Coastal Path. The former burgh rests on a hill overlooking the Firth of Forth, with views to North Berwick, the Bass Rock and the Isle of May. St Monans contains many historical buildings, including the now defunct windmill (which can be visited) that once powered a salt panning industry, and a 14th-century church that sits on the rocks above the water on the western side.

Approximately 1⁄2 mile (800 metres) west of St Monans are the remains of Newark Castle, a 16th-century manor that has since fallen to ruin through cliff erosion and disrepair. In 2002, with the permission of Historic Scotland, an unsuccessful attempt to restore the castle was made.

The civil parish had a population of 1,357 in 2011;^[3] the population at the 2021 Census was 1,120.

As with many of the East Neuk villages the harbour began as a simple natural inlet protected by natural rock outcrops. The first structures were the slipways for launching small boats. The first mention of a manmade harbour is in 1649 (west of the existing harbour). The east pier dates from 1865 and was designed by David Stevenson and Thomas Stevenson.^[4] The west pier was created in 1902 by their nephew Charles Alexander Stevenson who also deepened the harbour to take larger vessels.^[5] Plans for various stages in the Stevenson's development of the harbour are available on the National Library of Scotland website.^[6]

St Monans Church dates from 1369^[7] and is situated in an isolated position to the west of the village on the very edge of the sea. It is perched on a low rock, over a small valley with a burn. As seen from most directions it has the sea as a backdrop. The original graveyard surrounds the church and a more modern cemetery stands further westwards on the upper slopes of the little hill. This contains the local war memorial.^[8] Standing at the extreme west end of this the ruin of an earlier church can be viewed across fields, again perched on the sea edge.

It is often said that, in the whole of Scotland, St Monans Church is the church nearest the sea, and this may well be the case, being only around 20 m from the edge. The church, one of the finest remaining from the Middle Ages in Scotland, was built by King David II Bruce (1329–71), initially for a small house of Dominican friars. It later became the Church of Scotland parish church. Though the church may never have been finished (it has a choir and transepts, with a short spire over the crossing, but lacks a nave), it has many features of architectural interest, notably the fine stone vaulting in the choir and the plain but handsome sedilia. White-washed throughout internally, the church is particularly light and attractive among ancient Scottish churches.

The church was greatly restored in 1899 by the Glasgow architect, Peter MacGregor Chalmers.^[9]

The church hall was added in 1913 to a design by Sir Robert Lorimer.^[10]

Major restoration to the windows and masonry was completed in March 2007. The church is open to visitors daily from April to October.^[11]

The church and churchyard feature in a number of films including the remake of Whisky Galore! (2016 film) and the funeral, wedding and pier scenes in the film The Railway Man. It was also used in the 1981 Johnny Cash Christmas Special.^[12]

The Hall was built in 1970 and is a modern building, harled with a slate roof, situated in a raised location facing broadly west over Hope Park on the northern edge of St. Monans. Prior to its construction, it was not uncommon for fishermen from St Monans to cycle to St Andrews to attend meetings at the Gospel Hall there.

St Monans has a fish merchants and a fish-smokehouse. Restaurants and cafes are common in the village, as are many privately owned holiday homes. There is also a caravan park which attracts many visitors, a tradition that has continued from the days of the railway line.

In the industrial estate at the entrance to St Monans are the remains of the old railway station, a relic of the old East Neuk Rail Line, part of the Fife Coast Railway which was shut down in the 1960s after the Beeching cuts. All that remains is the south platform which is overgrown with grass. Nearby is the station master's house, now a private residence, which stands out from the newer buildings surrounding it.

Author Leonard Low claims to have found documents indicating that a significant battle occurred a short distance from the church grounds in 1548. Low claims that the Scottish army, pulling away from losses in Musselburgh and Edinburgh turned to fight, and defeat, the invading English army at St Monans.

Written records of this battle appear to have been lost when Oliver Cromwell ordered all Scottish records be shipped to the Tower of London, and several barrels filled with documents were lost at sea en route. The only surviving record of the battle was recovered in an account written for Mary Queen of Scots.^[13]

The village takes its name from St Monan, who was killed by invading Danes in about 875. St Adrian was killed on the Isle of May in the same raid, and 6,000 Fife Christians are said to have died.^[14]

Like other small East Neuk towns, St Monans is rich in vernacular fisher and merchant houses of the 17th to early 19th centuries, with characteristic old Scots features, e.g. forestairs, crow-stepped gables, datestones, pantiled roofs etc. The tradition of shipbuilding has now ceased. For over 200 years the boat builder J W Miller & Sons Ltd produced fifie fishing boats, yachts and motor launches in the village.

The author Christopher Rush grew up in the village. His autobiography Hellfire and Herring^[15] describes the community as seen by a small boy in the 1940s, 1950s and earlier, and as recounted by his grandfather and other relatives.

The two main bus services that run through St Monans are operated by Stagecoach East Scotland. These are:^[16]

• 95 from Leven to St Andrews via Anstruther and Crail^[17]
• X60 from Edinburgh to St Andrews via Kirkcaldy, Leven and Anstruther^[18]

• Charlie Cooke, professional footballer

• Haswell-Smith, Hamish (2004). The Scottish Islands. Edinburgh: Canongate. ISBN 978-1-84195-454-7.