Suki-Gogodala_languages
The Gogodala–Suki or Suki – Aramia River languages are a small language family of Papua New Guinea, spoken in the region of the Aramia River.
Quick Facts Geographic distribution, Linguistic classification ...
| Gogodala–Suki | |
|---|---|
| Suki – Aramia River | |
| Geographic distribution | Aramia River region, Western Province, Papua New Guinea |
| Linguistic classification | Papuan Gulf ?
|
| Subdivisions | |
| Glottolog | suki1244 |
Map: The Gogodala–Suki languages of New Guinea
The Gogodala–Suki languages
Trans–New Guinea languages
Other Papuan languages
Austronesian languages
Uninhabited | |
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The languages are:
- Gogodala–Suki family
- Suki language
- Gogodala (Aramia River) branch: Gogodala, Ari, Waruna
Gogodala–Suki languages and respective demographic information listed by Evans (2018) are provided below.[1]
More information Language, Location ...
| Language | Location | Population |
|---|---|---|
| Suki | north-central Morehead Rural LLG | 3,500 |
| Gogodala | Gogodala Rural LLG | 26,000 |
| Ari | Gogodala Rural LLG | ? |
| Waruna | Gogodala Rural LLG | ? |
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Phonology
The reconstructed sound system is,[2]
| *m | *n | |
| *p | *t | *k |
| *b | *d | *g |
| *s | ||
| ?*r |
It's not clear that there was *w or *j distinct from *u and *i.
| *i | *u | |
| *e | *o | |
| *ɛ | ||
| *a |
Pronouns
Free pronouns and object prefixes are:[2]
More information sg, pl ...
| sg | pl | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | *nɛ | *sɛ |
| 2 | *ɛ | *dɛ |
| 3 | *o(-b) | ? |
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More information sg, pl ...
| sg | pl | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | *n- | *s- |
| 2 | *- | *d- |
| 3 | *- | *d- |
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(2sg and 3sg is zero.)
Lexicon
Proto-Suki–Aramia (i.e., Proto-Gogodala–Suki) lexical reconstructions by Usher (2020) are:[2]
More information gloss, Proto-Suki-Aramia ...
| gloss | Proto-Suki-Aramia |
|---|---|
| 1 sg. | *nɛ |
| 2 sg. | *ɛ |
| 3 sg. | *o(-b) |
| 1 pl. | *sɛ |
| 2 pl. | *dɛ |
| again | *goarma |
| and/with | *da |
| animate ref. | *-te |
| be/live | *e[r] |
| breast | *bu |
| eat | *na |
| fat/grease | *sap[e/ɛ] |
| fire | *ir[a] |
| garden | *ega[d] |
| girl | *sua |
| give to 3 sg. | *ata |
| heavy | *mene |
| know | *it[a/o]ua |
| language | *gi |
| leaf | *bagu |
| locative | *-m |
| louse | *amu |
| man | *dar[o/a] |
| mouth | *magat |
| night | *is[ɛ/a] |
| nose | *min |
| other | *et[a/o] |
| path | *na... |
| penis | *o |
| see | *ti |
| skin/bark | *kakar |
| stative | *-[V]taka |
| tail | *uani |
| this/here | *mɛ-m |
| tooth | *poso |
| tree | *[e]i |
| wallaby/meat | *[u]kapu |
| what?/who? | *p[a]oa |
| where?/to | *bɛ |
| wing | *it[e/a] |
| woman | *ato |
| yesterday/tomorrow | *[ɛ/a]n[ɛ/a]p |
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The following basic vocabulary words are from McElhanon & Voorhoeve (1970),[3] Voorhoeve (1970), and Reesink (1976), as cited in the Trans-New Guinea database:[4]
More information gloss, Ari ...
| gloss | Ari | Gogodala | Suki |
|---|---|---|---|
| head | gabi | ganabi | tibodu |
| hair | tiːta | tita | nigbagu |
| ear | etubada; kɛso | igibi | iakadgu |
| eye | tokodaba | tao | itumku |
| nose | ndogu | mina | umuku |
| tooth | mɛnəpila | poso | tamki |
| tongue | mɛlɛpila | ||
| leg | gupi | ||
| louse | ikami | ami | daka |
| dog | sokɛ | soke | ebme |
| pig | uai | kuainu | |
| bird | soma | ||
| egg | momona | ||
| blood | dede | ||
| bone | mboige | gosa | budu |
| skin | kakala; puka | kaka | kaka |
| breast | omo | omo | |
| tree | yei | riku | |
| man | dalagi | dala; dalagi | daru; guargia |
| woman | atogi | ato; susɛgi | atu |
| sun | gadepa | kadɛpa | kamgu |
| moon | tɔkɔ | ||
| water | ogo | wi | |
| fire | awa | ila | araka |
| stone | -nadi | ||
| road, path | nape | nabidi | napru; rapru |
| name | enoma | gagi | yaka |
| eat | na- | na | |
| one | maitaia | ||
| two | saki |
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Gogodalic-Suki formed a branch of Trans–New Guinea languages in the classification of Malcolm Ross. Possible reflexes of proto-Trans-New Guinea (pTNG) etyma are:[5]
- omo ‘breast’ < *amu
- magata ‘mouth, jaw’ < *maŋgat[a]
- mele-pila ‘tongue’ < *mele-mbilaŋ
- imu ‘eye’ < *(ŋg,k)amu
- mi ‘louse’ < *iman, *niman
- kadepa ‘sun’ < *kand(a,e)pa
- ila ‘tree, fire’ < *inda
- na- ‘eat’ < *na-
- mana- ‘sit, stay’ < *mVna-
- gigoa ‘cassowary’ < *ku(y)a
- na- ‘eat’ < *na-
- Evans, Nicholas (2018). "The languages of Southern New Guinea". In Palmer, Bill (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 641–774. ISBN 978-3-11-028642-7.
- Usher, Timothy. 2020. Suki-Aramia River. NewGuineaWorld.
- McElhanon, K.A. and Voorhoeve, C.L. The Trans-New Guinea Phylum: Explorations in deep-level genetic relationships. B-16, vi + 112 pages. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1970. doi:10.15144/PL-B16
- Greenhill, Simon (2016). "TransNewGuinea.org - database of the languages of New Guinea". Retrieved 2020-11-05.
- Pawley, Andrew; Hammarström, Harald (2018). "The Trans New Guinea family". In Palmer, Bill (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 21–196. ISBN 978-3-11-028642-7.
- Ross, Malcolm (2005). "Pronouns as a preliminary diagnostic for grouping Papuan languages". In Andrew Pawley; Robert Attenborough; Robin Hide; Jack Golson (eds.). Papuan pasts: cultural, linguistic and biological histories of Papuan-speaking peoples. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. pp. 15–66. ISBN 0858835622. OCLC 67292782.
- Reesink, G.P. "Languages of the Aramia River Area". In Reesink, G.P., Fleischmann, L., Turpeinen, S. and Lincoln, P.C. editors, Papers in New Guinea Linguistics No. 19. A-45:1-38. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1976. doi:10.15144/PL-A45.1
- Timothy Usher, New Guinea World, Proto–Suki – Aramia River