Persian to Umayyad period

The first settlement dates to the Persian period (475-332 BCE), when the northern part of the Palestinian coast was given by the Achaemenid emperor to the king of Sidon, a Phoenician vassal^[1] with a strong maritime presence. Phoenician pottery is the earliest found at the site, proving that it was the Phoenicians who established the settlement, but the name they used for it is unknown.^[1] The town continued after the conquest by Alexander the Great throughout the Hellenistic period, when it was known as Krokodeilon polis, but ceased to exist around 100 BCE.^[1]

Strabo writes in his Geographica (published c. 7 BCE–23 CE) that in his time all that remained of the town was its name.^[3] A Roman period road passes near the remains of the ancient city.^{[citation needed]} Remains of a Roman bridge which once crossed the stream were still visible as late as the 19th century.^[7]

Archaeological excavations found meager remains of a large Early Byzantine church, whose foundation walls served as a base for Late Byzantine, Early Islamic and Crusader buildings.^[1] The Jerusalem Talmud mentions the settlement under the Aramaic name Migdal Malhā (Demai 2:1,22c), meaning 'Saltworks Tower', a name preserved in the Latin form, Turris Salinarum, until the Crusader period.^[1] In the Byzantine period this was the northernmost settlement of the municipal area of Caesarea, the provincial capital.^[1] Substantial remains were unearthed from the Late Byzantine period, including ponds for the breeding of freshwater fish close to the Tel Tanninim Aqueduct, and ponds for saltwater fish closer to the shore.^[1] The aqueduct and fish ponds were built in the fourth century and operated continuously until the end of the seventh century, in the Umayyad period.^[1]

It seems that the Sasanian invasion of 614, followed by the Muslim conquest (635-40), led to the decline of the Byzantine settlement.^[8] A diminished village survived until the late 7th or early 8th century, after which it was abandoned, except for the sporadic but persistent presence of stone robbers from the mid-8th until the 12th century.^[8] One recent suggestion is that the earthquake of 749 might have led to the final destruction of the Byzantine-Umayyad settlement.^[8] In spite of its natural and strategic advantages, the site was only resettled in the 12th century.^[8]

Crusader period

The remains on the tell from the Crusader period include a small tower,^[5] a pool and an aqueduct - the only remains from the Crusader castle of Turris Salinarum ('Saltworks Tower'), Burj al-Malih in Arabic.^{[citation needed]} Researchers suppose that the site was utilised for salt production, giving its name to the Crusader castle. The site became abandoned again during the late Middle Ages.^{[citation needed]}

Hugh Grenier, Lord of Caesarea, donated the tower and its mound to the Knights Hospitaller, and in 1182 the gift was confirmed by his son.^[9][5] It was destroyed by Baibars in 1265.^[5]

Late Ottoman period

In 1834, during the rule of Muhammad Ali of Egypt over the region, the Arab village of Jisr az-Zarka ("Blue [River] Bridge" in Arabic) was established in the vicinity of the tell. Some six decades later, in 1898, the Ottoman authorities built a bridge on top of its ruined Roman precursor over the Crocodiles River near the tell, as part of preparations towards the visit of the German Emperor Wilhelm II, who requested to pass with his convoy from Haifa to Jerusalem along the coastline, rather than use the more inland route.^[2][7] In 2020, the meanwhile collapsed Ottoman bridge was restored to its initial form with outmost care for accurate reconstruction.^[7]