Tetrarchy
The Tetrarchy was the system instituted by Roman Emperor Diocletian in 293 to govern the ancient Roman Empire by dividing it between two senior emperors, the augusti, and their juniors and designated successors, the caesares. This marked the end of the Crisis of the Third Century.
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| Roman imperial dynasties | |||
| The Tetrarchy | |||
 Portrait of the Four Tetrarchs, two porphyry sculptures looted from the Philadelphion of Constantinople after 1204, now standing at the southwest corner of St Mark's Basilica, Venice | |||
| Chronology | |||
| Diocletian as Augustus | 284–286 | ||
| -with Maximian as Augustus of the West |
286–293 | ||
| -with Galerius and Constantius Chlorus as Caesares |
293–305 | ||
| Maximian as the sole Caesar | 285–286 | ||
| -with Diocletian as Augustus of the East |
286–305 | ||
| -with Galerius and Constantius Chlorus as Caesares |
293–305 | ||
| Galerius and Constantius Chlorus as Caesares | 293–305 | ||
| Galerius and Constantius Chlorus as Augusti of East and West | 305–306 | ||
| -with Severus and Maximinus Daia as Caesares | 305–306 | ||
| Galerius and Severus as Augusti of East and West | 306–307 | ||
| -with Maximinus Daia and Constantine the Great as Caesares | 306–307 | ||
| Galerius and Maxentius as Augusti of East and West | 307–308 | ||
| -with Maximinus Daia and Constantine the Great as Caesares | 307–308 | ||
| Galerius and Licinius as Augusti of East and West | 308–311 | ||
| -with Maximinus Daia and Constantine the Great as Caesares | 308–311 | ||
| Maxentius as usurper in Rome (and Asia Minor 311–312) | 308–312 | ||
| Maximinus Daia and Licinius as Augusti of East and West | 311–312 | ||
| -with Constantine the Great as Caesar (self-proclaimed Augustus) | 311–312 | ||
| Licinius and Constantine the Great as Augusti of East and West | 312–324 | ||
| -with Licinius II and Constantine II, Crispus as Caesares | 317–324 | ||
| Succession | |||
| Preceded by Crisis of the Third Century |
Followed by Constantinian dynasty | ||
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| Roman Constitution |
| Precedent and law |
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| Assemblies |
| Ordinary magistrates |
| Extraordinary magistrates |
| Titles and honours |
| Part of the Politics series |
| Monarchy |
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Initially Diocletian chose Maximian as his caesar in 285, raising him to co-augustus the following year; Maximian was to govern the western provinces and Diocletian would administer the eastern ones. The role of the augustus was likened to Jupiter, while his caesar was akin to Jupiter's son Hercules. Galerius and Constantius were appointed caesares in March 293. Diocletian and Maximian retired on 1 May 305, raising Galerius and Constantius to the rank of augustus. Their places as caesares were in turn taken by Valerius Severus and Maximinus Daza.
The orderly system of two senior and two junior emperors endured until Constantius died in July 306, and his son Constantine was unilaterally acclaimed augustus and caesar by his father's army. Maximian's son Maxentius contested Severus' title, styled himself princeps invictus, and was appointed caesar by his retired father in 306. Severus surrendered to Maximian and Maxentius in 307. Maxentius and Constantine were both recognized as augusti by Maximian that same year. Galerius appointed Licinius augustus for the west in 308 and elevated Maximinus Daza to augustus in 310.
Constantine's victory over Maxentius at the Battle of the Milvian Bridge in 312 left him in control of the western part of the empire, while Licinius was left in control of the east on the death of Maximinus Daza. Constantine and Licinius jointly recognized their sons – Crispus, Constantine II, and Licinius II – as caesares in March 317. Ultimately the tetrarchic system lasted until c. 324, when mutually destructive civil wars eliminated most of the claimants to power: Licinius resigned as augustus after the losing the Battle of Chrysopolis, leaving Constantine in control of the entire empire.
The Constantinian dynasty's emperors retained some aspects of collegiate rule; Constantine appointed his son Constantius II as another caesar in 324, followed by Constans in 333 and his nephew Dalmatius in 335, and the three surviving sons of Constantine in 337 were declared joint augusti together, and the concept of the division of the empire under multiple joint emperors endured until the Fall of the Western Roman Empire. In the Eastern Roman empire, augusti and caesares continued to be appointed sporadically.