Thailand first participated at the Olympic Games in 1952, and has sent athletes to compete in every Summer Olympic Games since then, except when they participated in the US-led boycott of the 1980 Summer Olympics. Thailand has also participated in the Winter Olympic Games since 2002.

Thailand won its first medal at the 1976 Games in Montreal, when boxer Payao Poontarat took home a bronze in the Men's Light Flyweight category. Thailand's first gold medal would also come in boxing at the 1996 Games in Atlanta, when Somluck Kamsing won the Men's Featherweight category. Since then, Thai athletes have won gold medals at every subsequent Summer Olympics with the exception of the 2012 Games in London, with all its gold medals to date having come in men's boxing, women's weightlifting and women’s taekwondo.

The National Olympic Committee for Thailand was created in 1948 and recognized in 1950.

As of 2021, Thai athletes have won a total of 35 medals, 14 in weightlifting, 15 in boxing and 6 in taekwondo. Among countries in Southeast Asia, Thailand ranks first in terms of the number of gold medals (10), and second in the number of overall medals (35), only behind Indonesia which has 37 medals. Thailand's most successful Games to date were the 2004 Games in Athens, where they won eight medals, of which three of them were gold.

The country's most recent gold medalist is Panipak Wongpattanakit, who earned her medal in the women's 49kg event in taekwondo.

• In 2002 and 2006, Thailand qualified its first Winter Olympian cross country skier, and first Winter Olympian, Prawat Nagvajara.^[1]
• In 2014, Thailand qualified its first Winter Olympian alpine skier, Kanes Sucharitakul.^[2] It then added the first female Winter Olympian for the country, Vanessa Vanakorn (Vanessa-Mae), doubling the size of the previous largest delegation to a Winter Games.^[3]

• Tropical nations at the Winter Olympics