The_Interpersonal_Gap
Interpersonal gap
Model of communication by John L. Wallen
The interpersonal gap is a model of communication developed by John L. Wallen (March 24, 1918 – July 31, 2001), an educator and a pioneer in the fields of emotional intelligence and interpersonal communication. As Chinmaya and Vargo state in their 1979 paper on Wallen "Many people who conduct interpersonal relations laboratories have been influenced by the ideas of John Wallen, a social psychologist from Portland, Oregon. He has written a number of papers which identify the sources of difficulty in communication. In these writings, Wallen focuses on the process of communication, not the underlying motives, drives, traits, attitudes, or personality characteristics of the individual. Wallen's ideas are easily understandable to laymen and professional alike."[1]
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After graduating from Harvard College in 1940, Wallen earned advance degrees in psychology at Ohio State University, Harvard University and the University of Oregon. Wallen taught at the University of Maryland and Black Mountain College in North Carolina before moving to Oregon in 1948. In Oregon, he had been director of research at the Boys and Girls Society of Oregon, associate professor at Portland State College, director of the Human Relations and Development Group at Tektronix, and staff member of the Northwest Regional Educational Laboratory. He had also been president of the Oregon Psychological Association and fellow of the National Training Laboratories (NTL) Institute for Applied Behavioral Science in Washington, D.C. It was during his time in Oregon that he developed the interpersonal gap.
According to Chinmaya and Vargo, "Wallen...integrated the work of many scholars including Allport (1949), Hayakawa (1964), Heider (1958), Korzybski (1958), Lewin (1926, 1948, 1951), and Rank (1941, 1968) into a systematic theory of communication."[2] Wallen's only known published work was the co-authored book, Counseling with Returned Servicemen, with Carl Rogers, in 1946.[3] He authored numerous unpublished papers, including "The Interpersonal Gap" in 1967.[4] Wallen primarily taught his theories in academic settings (he was training educators). He did so prior to the age of computers. At the time he was of the opinion that if his "ideas are useful, they will spread through personalized channels of communication".[5] Specifically, he wanted educators to feel free to mimeograph his work and distribute copies. With this in mind, he avoided publishing or copyrighting his work. While this unorthodox approach allowed educators to freely distribute his mimeographed works, it also hampered the spread of his theories outside of the circle of his immediate colleagues in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States.
Beginning in the Pacific Northwest, but spreading elsewhere,[6] Wallen's theories were applied extensively to training teachers and faculty in school systems through the publications of the Portland-based Northwest Regional Educational Laboratory. NWREL was directed at the time by Charles Jung. Jung was a student of Ronald Lippitt's, who in turn was a student of Kurt Lewin, the creator of the T-group and regarded by many as the father of social psychology and organization development. Lewin was a major influence on Wallen. Wallen's work was also spread through the extensive publications of another Lippitt student, Richard Schmuck, of the Center for the Advanced Study of Educational Administration at the University of Oregon.
The interpersonal gap also became a core theory in the T-group and organization development methods of Robert P. Crosby, who worked closely with Wallen from 1968 to 1975. The two co-led several National Training Laboratories T-groups during that time. When Crosby founded the Leadership Institute of Seattle (LIOS) Applied Behavioral Science Graduate Program, he made Wallen's material a core requirement of the curriculum,[7] and he did the same when founding and leading the ALCOA corporate leadership program from 1990 to 2005. During Crosby's career in organization development, he used the interpersonal gap model in numerous culture change and performance improvement initiatives, most famously during the PECO nuclear turnaround following the shutdown of the Peach Bottom Atomic Power Station for human performance issues by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission in 1987.[8] Crosby and his associates led Wallen-based T-groups, known as "Tough Stuff Emotional Intelligence in the Workplace" workshops.
Chinmaya and Vargo conclude their paper thusly: "One of the leaders in the study of the nature and process of communication is John Wallen. John Wallen's ideas have influenced a number of human relations practitioners. The communication skills are especially valuable in that they are easily demonstrated and readily learned by almost anyone. The effects of using the skills are quickly apparent. For these reasons, the concepts presented here can be of great value to teachers, counsellors, parents, spouses, and friends."[9]
