Consonants

/b/ is realized as [pʰ] word finally, as [p] in syllable-coda position before a consonant, and [b] elsewhere.

/t/ is realized as [t] in syllable coda before a consonant and [tʰ] elsewhere.

/d/ is realized as [ɾ] intervocalically, e.g. /didab/: [dɪˈɾʌpʰ] 'water container'.

/k/ is [ɣ] intervocalically, [k] in syllable coda before consonants, and [kʰ] elsewhere.

/s/ is realized as [ʂ] before /u/.

/l/ is alveolar adjacent to back vowels and alveodental elsewhere.^[3] One dialect realizes /l/ as [r] intervocalically.

Vowels

/o/ and /oː/ rarely contrast.^[4]

Phonotactics

Syllable structure is (C)V(ː)(C). The expression kwiin takan 'oh my!' may be an exception.

/d/ only occurs word-initially.^[6] /f/ only occurs syllable-initially.^[7] /ŋ/ is always syllable-final.^[8]

Initial /l/ only occurs in some dialects. Initial /kw/ occurs in two dialects, and may usually be interpreted as C+V.

/w/ and /j/ occur syllable-initially.^[9] Only one dialect allows syllable-coda /j/.^[10]

Stress

In inflected words stress lies on the last syllable of the verb stem. If there are long vowels stress falls on the first syllable in the word. If all vowels are short, stress falls on the last syllable. If it is closed stress falls on the first syllable.

Nouns

Nouns are not inflected but may mark possession. Body parts and kinship terms are obligatorily possessed, and some kinship terms require affixing. On other nouns possession is optional, except for proper names which are never possessed.^[11]

Pronouns

Tense and aspect

Most final verbs mark tense, mood, and person, but most verbs can mark aspect and not tense and still be a final verb.^[19]

1. "initial consonant of the customary or class changing marker is retained"

Tifal sentences are contain inflected verb-root-chains, often with a final fully conjugated verb. One must inflect for the amount of time between one verb in the chain and the next.^[21]

Deixis

Marking spatial relation between verbs and their objects is obligatory. "up" must be clarified as either "upslope" or "upstream", "down" as "downslope" or "downstream", and "across" as "across land" or "across a river".^[21]

Kinship

Tifal has dyadic kinship terms (terms referring to the relationship two or more people have to each other), which are present in less than 10 languages and not prevalent in Papua New Guinea. However, they are a salient feature of the Ok languages. Related terms are found in Oksapmin, Mian, and Telefol.^[22]