Timeline_of_Manila
The following is a timeline of the history of the city and metropolitan area of Manila, the capital city of the Philippines.
This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.
- c. 900 CE - The Kingdom of Tondo was at its peak and was a center of commerce and trade of the Tagalogs. It was during this era that the King of Tondo issued the Laguna Copperplate Inscription to Namwaran's clan on 21 April 900 CE.[1]: "134" [2]: "38"
- c. 1175 - the Polity of Namayan was established by the Tagalog people at the Pasig River. It was led by the house of Lakan Tagkan during its peak in the 1100's.[3]
- c. 13th Century - the Kota Seludong or better known as the Kingdom of Maynila was founded by Avirjirkaya which spanned present day Intramuros.
- c.1300- Empress Sasaban became the Queen Regent of Namayan. According to oral tradition, she was a concubine of Anka Widyaya of Java and bore a child named Prince Balagtas[4]
- 1365 - The Battle of Manila (1365). The forces from the Kingdoms of Luzon fought against the Empire of Majapahit from Java in what is now Manila.
- Uncertain timestamp - the Tagalog and Kapampangan-fortified city of Cainta was established on an upriver area which occupied the shores on both sides of a waterway of the Pasig River. It was located not far from where the Pasig River meets the Lake of Ba-i.[5]
- 1450 - Dayang Kalangitan became the Hara (Queen who is a wife of a Rajah) of Tondo. She established her dwelling in the banks of the Bitukang Manok River (present day Parian Creek) in Pasig.
- 1480 - Rajah Aki Matanda became the Rajah of Manila.
- 1500 - Salalaia became the Rajah of old Manila.[6]
- 1521 - Sri Bunao became the Lakandula based in Tondo.
- May 24, 1570 - The Battle of Manila between Rajah Sulayman and Martin de Goiti. The battle concluded with the city being set on fire.[3][7][6]
- 1571 - 24 June: Spaniards Martín de Goiti, Juan de Salcedo and Miguel López de Legazpi arrived. In August 1571, Legazpi instructed his nephew Juan de Salcedo to "pacify" Cainta. After travelling several days upriver, Salcedo laid siege to the city and eventually found a weak spot on the wall. The final Spanish attack annihilated over 400 residents of Cainta, including their leader Gat Maitan.[7][8]
- 1572 - The Spanish city was attacked and was almost seized by Chinese pirates.[8]
- 1573 - The Spanish galleon trade began.[9]
- 1574 - A Chinese pirate named Limahong tried to seize Manila.[10]
- 1579 - The Catholic Diocese of Manila was established.[11]
- 1583 - Fire.[12]
- 1584 - The Real Audiencia of Manila of the Viceroyalty of New Spain was established.
- 1590
- The Printing Press was established.[13]
- Construction of walls and other defences began.[8]
- 1603 - Chinese unrest.[14]
- 1607 - The San Agustin Church was consecrated.
- 1611 - The University of Santo Tomas was established by Catholic Dominicans.[14][15]
- 1615 - The Manila-Acapulco galleon trade began.[14]
- 1620 - The Colegio de San Juan de Letran was established by Catholic Dominicans.
- 1645 - 1645 Luzon earthquake.
- 1762 - The British occupation of Manila began.[8]
- 1764 - The British occupation of Manila ended in honor of the Treaty of Paris; the Spanish regained hold of the city.[8]
- 1823 - Population: 38,000.[16]
- 1837 - Port opened to foreign trade.[8]
- 1848 - The Diario de Manila newspaper started its publication.
- 1852 - September: Earthquake.[17]
- 1859
- [18] Escuela Municipal de Manila, the precursor of the Ateneo de Manila University was founded.
- The Ilustración Filipina magazine started its publication.
- 1863 - 3 June: Earthquake.[12]
- 1865 - The Manila Observatory was founded.
- 1866 - The Canal de la Reina was dug in Binondo.[19]
- 1870 - 23 March: Fire in Binondo.[12]
- 1876 - Population: 93,595.[8]
- 1880 - July: Earthquake.[12]
- 1881 - Hong Kong-Manila telegraph in operation.[20]
- 1882
- 1887
- The National Library of the Philippines was founded.
- Population: 176,777.[8]
- 1888 - The Commercial Association of Lumber was established.[21]
- 1889 - The Tabacalera Flor de la Isabela cigar factory was built in Paco.[22]
- 1892 - The Dagupan-Manila railway started its operation.[20]
- 1893
- 1896 - 5 December: 1896 Manila mutiny.[8]
- 30 December: execution of Dr. Jose Rizal at Bagumbayan.
- 1898
- 25 July - 13 August: Battle of Manila (1898); the United States claimed governance.[8]
- The Manila Times English-language newspaper started its publication.[23]
- 1899
- 4–5 February: Battle of Manila (1899).[8]
- Taft Avenue ("Calle Rizal") was laid out.
1900s-1940s
- 1901
- The City of Manila administrative entity was created, composed of Binondo, Ermita, Intramuros, Malate, Pandacan, Quiapo, Santa Cruz, Barrio San Nicolas, San Miguel, San Fernando de Dilao (modern day Paco), Sampaloc andTondo.
- The capital of the Philippines was relocated to Manila from Malolos.
- Arsenio Cruz-Herrera became mayor.
- The National Museum of the Philippines was established.
- The United States military camp, Fort William McKinley was established near the city.
- The Philippine Constabulary was established and the general headquarters and military camp bases were located in the capital city.
- The Philippine Scouts was established and the general headquarters and military camp bases were located near the capital city.
- 1902 -
- Manila's border was expanded to include Santa Ana de Sapa.[27]
- The Manila Grand Opera House opened in Santa Cruz.
- 1903
- Population: 219,928 city; 330,345 metro.[28]
- Trozo Fire in Manila (May 1903)
- 1905
- The Manila Elks Club was established.
- Félix Roxas became mayor.
- 1908
- The University of the Philippines Manila was founded.[29]
- The famous Manila Carnival was held for the first time.
- 1909 - The Philippine Library was established.[25]
- 1910
- Basketball, volleyball,[30] and boy scouting were started in the Philippines at the Manila YMCA by YMCA Physical Director Elwood Stanley Brown.
- The "Great Fire in Manila" transpired in Binondo, the damage was worth over two million pesos.[31]
- 1911 - De La Salle College, known as De La Salle University was founded.
- 1912 - The Manila Hotel opened.
- 1913
- The first Far Eastern Championship Games, also called "the first Oriental Olympic Games," were held at the Carnival grounds (later the site of the Rizal Memorial Sports Stadium) in Malate, on the 3rd to the 7th of February, with participants from the US Philippine Islands, China, Japan, the British East Indies (Malaya), Thailand, and British Hong Kong.
- The Rizal Monument was erected.
- 1917 - Justo Lukban became mayor.
- 1918 - Population: 285,306 city; 469,955 metro.[28]
- 1919 - The United States Air Service established Camp Nichols near Fort William McKinley, just south of Manila.
- 1920 - Ramón Fernández became mayor.
- 1923 - The Peking Council, Tokyo Council and the Manila Council - the first Boy Scouts of America Councils in Asia, were organized. (The 1973 Golden Jubilee Jamboree of the Boy Scouts of the Philippines was dated from this year.)
- 1924 - Miguel Romuáldez became mayor.
- 1926 - The Legislative Building was inaugurated in Ermita.
- 1927 - Tomás Earnshaw became mayor.
- 1928 - The Institute of Accountancy, which later became the Far Eastern University, was founded in Sampaloc by Nicanor Reyes et al.
- 1930 - The Legazpi-Urdaneta Monument was erected.[32]
- 1935
- Metropolitan Theater was built.[33]
- Valeriano Fugoso became mayor.
- Grace Park Airfield began its operation in Caloocan.
- The city became the capital of the newly-formed Commonwealth of the Philippines.
- The Philippine Commonwealth Army was established and the general headquarters and military camp bases were established in the capital city.
- 1939 - Population: 623,492.[28]
- 1941
- The City of Greater Manila was formed, which merged the city and municipal governments of Manila, Quezon City, Caloocan, Makati, Mandaluyong, Parañaque, Pasay, and San Juan.
- Jorge B. Vargas became mayor.
- The Manila City Hall was completed.
- The Philippine Commonwealth Army's general headquarters and camp base in the city's capital were disestablished, and was occupied by the Japanese Imperial forces.
- 1942
- The Japanese occupation began.[34]
- León G. Guinto, Sr. became mayor.
- The general headquarters and military camp bases of the Philippine Commonwealth Army were moved to the provinces.
- 1945
- February: The Manila massacre initiated by the Japanese forces transpired.
- 3 February - 3 March: The World War II Battle of Manila (1945) ensued; the Japanese forces were defeated.[29]
- 1 August: The City of Greater Manila was disestablished.[35]
- Juan L. Nolasco became mayor.
- The General Headquarters and military camp bases of the Philippine Commonwealth Army and the Philippine Constabulary was re-established and reactivated in the city's capital after liberation from the Japanese.
- 1946 - The city became part of the newly inaugurated Third Republic of the Philippines.[10]
- 1947 - The Republic Theatre opened.[33]
- 1948
- The capital of the Philippines was relocated from Manila to Quezon City.[36]
- Manuel A. Roxas High School was established in Paco.
- Manuel de la Fuente became mayor.
- Population: 983,906 city; 1,569,148 metro.[28][37]
- The Manila American Cemetery and Memorial was established near the city.
- 1949 - 18 June: City legislative districts for House of Representatives of the Philippines was expanded from two to four.
1950s-1990s
- 1952
- Arsenio Lacson became mayor.
- National Press Club established their headquarters in the city.[38]
- 1954 - Holy Child Catholic School opened in Tondo.[citation needed]
- 1959 - The Ramon Magsaysay High School was established in España, Manila.
- 1960
- The Araneta Coliseum opened in Quezon City.
- Population: 1,138,611 city; 2,462,288 metro.[28]
- 1961 - The new terminal of Manila Airport opened.
- 1962 - Antonio Villegas became mayor.
- 1966 - The Cultural Center of the Philippines was founded.
- 1970
- Zone One Tondo Organization was established.[39]
- Population: 1,330,788 city; 3,966,685 metro.[28]
- 1971 - Ramon Bagatsing became mayor.
- 21 August: Plaza Miranda Bombing.
- 1973 - Some 3000 Boy Scouts camped out and conducted a massive clean-up of Intramuros, from the 9th to the 11th of February.
- 1974 - Miss Universe 1974 pageant was held.
- 1975
- 1 October: Thrilla in Manila.
- Metropolitan Manila Commission was created to administer not just the city of Manila but also Caloocan, Mandaluyong, Makati, Malabon, Marikina, Muntinlupa, Navotas, Pasay, Pasig, Las Piñas, Parañaque, Pateros, Quezon City, San Juan, Taguig, and Valenzuela.
- The Metro Manila Film Festival was first held.
- Population: 1,479,116 city; 4,880,006 metro.[28]
- 1976
- Capital of the Philippines was relocated to Manila from Quezon City.[36]
- Philippine International Convention Center was built in Pasay.
- Ali Mall, the first shopping mall in the Philippines, opened in Quezon City.
- Harrison Plaza opened in Malate, Manila.
- 1979 - Sampaloc flea market was officially inaugurated.[40]
- 1980 - Population: 5,924,563 metro.[39]
- 1981
- Sister city relationship was established with San Francisco, USA.[41]
- Catholic pope visited the city.
- 1982 - Metro Manila Commission for Squatters was established.[42]
- 1983
- 21 August: Assassination of Benigno Aquino, Jr. at Manila International Airport.
- 31 August: Funeral procession of Benigno Aquino, Jr. passed by the capital from the Santo Domingo Church en route to Parañaque.
- 1984
- Manila Light Rail Transit System Line 1 began its operation.
- Population: 1,728,441 city; 6,720,050 urban agglomeration (estimate).[43]
- 1985 - SM City North EDSA opened as the 1st SM Supermall.
- 1986
- February: People Power Revolution.[44][45]
- May: Mel Lopez became mayor.
- 1987
- First Coup Attempt
- City legislative districts for the House of Representatives expanded to the present six.
- 1989 - Second Coup Attempt
- 1987 - January: Mendiola Massacre.
- 1992 - Alfredo Lim became mayor.
- 1993 - the Easter Regatta, later called the President's Cup Regatta, was held for the first time in Manila Bay[46]
- 1994
- Museo Pambata opened in Ermita.
- 20 May: Miss Universe 1994 pageant was held.
- Population: 8,594,150 urban agglomeration (estimate).[47]
- 1995
- Metropolitan Manila Development Authority was established.
- Catholic pope visited the city.
- 1996 - Ozone Disco fire
- 1998 - Lito Atienza became mayor.
- 1999 - Manila Metro Rail Transit System Line 3 began its operation.
- 2000
- 30 December: Rizal Day bombings.
- Green Papaya Art Projects was founded.[48]
- Population: 1,581,082 city; 9,932,560 metro.[38]
- 2001
- January: 2001 EDSA Revolution.
- April–May: EDSA III protest.[49]
- 2002 - Bus bombing.[44]
- 2003
- Army mutiny.[44]
- Manila Light Rail Transit System Line 2 began its operation.
- 2006 - May: Mall of Asia opened in Pasay.
- 2007
- June: Alfredo Lim was re-elected as mayor.
- October: explosion in Glorietta
- November: Coup attempt.[44]
- Asian Network of Major Cities 21 met in Manila.
- MO_Space art gallery was founded.[48]
- 2009 - September: Typhoon.[50]
- 2010
- 23 August: Manila hostage crisis in Rizal Park.
- 26 September: School bombing.
- Population: 1,652,171 city; 11,855,975 metro.[51]
- 2012 - August: Flooding.[52]
- 2013
- August: Million People March.
- Joseph Estrada became mayor.
- 2015
- January: Catholic pope visited the city.[53]
- Population: 1,780,148.[54]
- 2016
- 22 May: Concert tragedy.
- 14 August: Tornado.
- 2017
- 30 January: Miss Universe 2016 pageant was held.
- June: Gunman Attack in Resorts World Manila.
- 2018 - May: National Museum of Natural History opened in Ermita.
- 2019
- 30 June: Isko Moreno became mayor of Manila.
- 2022
- 30 June: Honey Lacuna became mayor of Manila. She is the first female to hold the position.
- Patanñe,E.P. Philippines in the Sixth to Sixteenth Centuries. 1996.
- Abinales, Patricio N. and Donna J. Amoroso, State and Society in the Philippines. Maryland: Rowman and Littlefield, 2005.
- Scott, William Henry (1994). Barangay: Sixteenth Century Philippine Culture and Society. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press. ISBN 971-550-135-4.
- Odal-Devora, Grace (2000). The River Dwellers, in Book Pasig : The River of Life (Edited by Reynaldo Gamboa Alejandro and Alfred A. Yuson). Unilever Philippines. pp. cited by Nick Juaquin43–66.
- "Pre-colonial Manila". Malacañang Presidential Museum and Library. Malacañang Presidential Museum and Library Araw ng Maynila Briefers. Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office. 23 June 2015. Archived from the original on 9 March 2016. Retrieved 27 April 2017.
- Dery, Luis Camara (2001). A History of the Inarticulate. Quezon City: New Day Publishers. ISBN 971-10-1069-0.
- Blair, Emma Helen; Robertson, James Alexander, eds. (1903). Relation of the Conquest of the Island of Luzon. The Philippine Islands, 1493-1898. 3. Ohio, Cleveland: Arthur H. Clark Company. p. 145.
- Made in the Americas: the New World Discovers Asia. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. 2015. ISBN 978-0-87846-812-6.
- Henri Bouchot (1890). "Topographical index of the principal towns where early printing presses were established". In H. Grevel (ed.). The book: its printers, illustrators, and binders, from Gutenberg to the present time. H. Grevel & Co.
- Artemio R. Guillermo (2012). "Chronology". Historical Dictionary of the Philippines. Maryland, USA: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-7246-2.
- "Southeast Asia, 1600–1800 A.D.: Key Events". Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 30 May 2014.
- "History". Ateneo de Manila University. Archived from the original on 19 January 2013.
- "Manila (Philippines) Newspapers". WorldCat. USA: Online Computer Library Center. Retrieved 30 May 2014.
- David H. Stam, ed. (2001). "Philippines". International Dictionary of Library Histories. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers. ISBN 1579582443.
- Nelly Young Egbert, ed. (1907). List of Books in the American Circulating Library of Manila. Manila: Bureau of Printing.
- "An Act Amending Act Numbered One Hundred And Eighty-Three, Entitled "An Act to Incorporate the City of Manila," by Fixing New Boundaries for the City of Manila". Lawyerly. 20 February 902. Retrieved 29 June 2021.
- The History of Volleyball in the Philippines The Volleyball Story London Olympic Media Guide Volleyball Early Development Archived 25 January 2013 at archive.today Volleyball: Striking the interest of Filipinos since 1910 The Volleyball Story Archived 11 March 2013 at the Wayback Machine Vball Trivia History of Volleyball Memorandum to Colonel Bruce Palmer Giving the Game Away Archived 2 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine
- The Straits Times, Singapore, 18 January 1910, page 7.
- Charles C. Mann (2011). 1493: Uncovering the New World Columbus Created. Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 978-0-307-26572-2.
- "Movie Theaters in Manila, Philippines". CinemaTreasures.org. Los Angeles: Cinema Treasures LLC. Retrieved 30 May 2014.
- Executive Order No. 58, s. 1945 (25 July 1945), Reducing the Territory of the City of Greater Manila, retrieved 24 August 2022
- "Timelines: History of the Philippines from 30000 BC to AD 2013", World Book, USA
- "Population of capital city and cities of 100,000 or more inhabitants". Demographic Yearbook 1955. New York: Statistical Office of the United Nations.
- "Philippines". Europa World Year Book 2004. Taylor & Francis. 29 July 2004. ISBN 1857432533.
- "San Francisco Sister Cities". USA: City & County of San Francisco. Retrieved 30 December 2015.
- United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Statistical Office (1987). "Population of capital cities and cities of 100,000 and more inhabitants". 1985 Demographic Yearbook. New York. pp. 247–289.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - BBC News (4 November 2011). "Timeline". Philippines Profile. Retrieved 30 May 2014.
- "The Manila Yacht Club". Baysider. Retrieved 5 February 2023.
- "Population of capital cities and cities of 100,000 and more inhabitants". 1995 Demographic Yearbook. New York: United Nations Department for Economic and Social Information and Policy Analysis, Statistics Division. 1997. pp. 262–321.
- "Philippines". Art Spaces Directory. New York: New Museum. Retrieved 30 May 2014.
- "Typhoon kills 32 in Vietnam; Philippine toll at 246". Reuters. 29 September 2009.
- "Population of Capital Cities and Cities of 100,000 or More Inhabitants". Demographic Yearbook 2012. United Nations Statistics Division. 2013.
- "Rains Flood a Third of Manila Area, Displacing Thousands". New York Times. 7 August 2012.
- Pope Manila Mass drew record crowd of 6-7 million, Reuters, 18 January 2015
- "Table 8 - Population of capital cities and cities of 100,000 or more inhabitants", Demographic Yearbook – 2018, United Nations
Published in the 19th century
 | The examples and perspective in this section may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. (May 2014) |
- Jedidiah Morse; Richard C. Morse (1823), "Manilla", A New Universal Gazetteer (4th ed.), New Haven: S. Converse
- William Milburn; Thomas Thornton (1825). "Manilla". Oriental Commerce; or the East India Trader's Complete Guide. London: Kingsbury, Parbury, and Allen.
- Fedor Jagor (1875). "Manilla". Travels in the Philippines. London: Chapman and Hall.
- John Ramsay McCulloch (1880), "Manilla", in Hugh G. Reid (ed.), A Dictionary, Practical, Theoretical and Historical of Commerce and Commercial Navigation, London: Longmans, Green, and Co.
- "Philippines: Manila". The Chronicle & Directory for China, Corea, Japan, the Philippines, Indo-China, Straits Settlements, Siam, Borneo, Malay States, &c. Hong Kong: Daily Press. 1892.
- Margherita Arlina Hamm (1898), Manila and the Philippines, London: F.T. Neely, OL 7237592M
- John Foreman (1899), "(Manila)", The Philippine Islands (2nd ed.), New York: C. Scribner's Sons
- Manila and the Philippine Islands: an up to date handbook of facts, New York: Philippines Company, 1899, OL 24648057M
Published in the 20th century
- "Manila", Chambers's Encyclopaedia, London: W. & R. Chambers, 1901
- Commercial Directory of Manila, Manila, 1901, OL 7214150M
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Burton Holmes (1901), "Manila", The Burton Holmes Lectures, Battle Creek, Michigan: Little-Preston, OCLC 5082081
- C.W. Rosenstock, ed. (1904), Manila City Directory
- Historical Notes Concerning Manila. United States government. 1904.
- Kemlein & Johnson's guide and map of Manila and vicinity. Manila, Kemlein & Johnson. 1908.
- Manila, the pearl of the Orient, Manila, Philippine Islands: Manila Merchants' Association., 1908, OCLC 5296360, OL 7012107M
- "Manila" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). 1910. pp. 578–580.
- Philip M. Finegan (1910). "Manila". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Benjamin Vincent (1910), "Manilla", Haydn's Dictionary of Dates (25th ed.), London: Ward, Lock & Co.
- George Amos Miller (1912). Interesting Manila: Historical Narratives Concerning the Pearl of the Orient (3rd ed.). Manila: E.C. McCullough.
- Philippines. Office of Public Welfare Commissioner. (1922), Directory of charitable and social service organizations and institutions in the city of Manila (2nd ed.), Manila: Bureau of Printing, OL 7214795M
- Mauro Garcia, ed. (1971), Focus on old Manila, Manila: Philippine Historical Association
- Edilberto De Jesus. 'Manila's first factories', Philippine Historical Review, 4 (1971)
- Nicolas Zafra (1974), The colonization of the Philippines and the beginnings of the Spanish city of Manila, Manila: National Historical Commission
- William F. Stinner & Melinda Bacol-Montilla (1981). "Population Deconcentration in Metropolitan Manila in the Twentieth Century". Journal of Developing Areas. 16 (1): 3–16. JSTOR 4190969. PMID 12338830.
- Daniel F. Doeppers. Manila, 1900-1941: Social change in a late colonial metropolis (New Haven: Yale University Southeast Asia Studies, 1984).
- Hans F. Illy (1986). "Regulation and Evasion: Street-Vendors in Manila". Policy Sciences. 19 (1): 61–81. doi:10.1007/BF02124484. JSTOR 4532068. S2CID 85450985.
- Ton van Naerssen (1989). "Continuity and Change in the Urban Poor Movement of Manila, the Philippines". Urban Social Movements in the Third World. Routledge. p. 199+. ISBN 1-136-85686-2.
- Ramon Ma Zaragoza (1990), Old Manila, Singapore: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0195889738
- Melinda Tria Kerkvliet, Manila workers' unions, 1900-1950 (Quezon City: New Day Publishers, 1992).
- Victor V. Sumsky (1992). "City as Political Actor: Manila, February 1986". Alternatives: Global, Local, Political. 17 (4): 479–492. doi:10.1177/030437549201700404. JSTOR 40644756. S2CID 149272236.
- Jack Arn (1995). "Pathway To The Periphery: Urbanization, Creation Of A Relative Surplus Population, And Political Outcomes In Manila, Philippines". Urban Anthropology and Studies of Cultural Systems and World Economic Development. 24 (3/4): 189–228. JSTOR 40553284.
- Schellinger and Salkin, ed. (1996). "Manila". International Dictionary of Historic Places: Asia and Oceania. UK: Routledge. p. 565+. ISBN 9781884964046.
- Xavier Huetz de Lemps. 'Shifts in meaning of "Manila" in the nineteenth century', in Old ties and new solidarities: Studies on Philippine communities, ed. C. J.-H. Macdonald and G. M. Pesigan (Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press, 2000)
Published in the 21st century
- Charles L. Choguill (2001). "Manila: City of Hope or a Planner's Nightmare?". Built Environment. 27 (2): 85–95. JSTOR 23287514.
- Xavier Huetz de Lemps [in French] (2001). "Waters in Nineteenth Century Manila". Philippine Studies. 49 (4): 488–517. JSTOR 42633496. PMID 18551808.
- Joseph Burzynski (2002). "Timber Trade and the Growth of Manila, 1864-1881". Philippine Studies. 50 (2): 168–192. JSTOR 42634459.
- Cristina Pantoja Hidalgo (2002). "Metro Manila: City in Search of a Myth". Philippine Studies. 50 (3): 303–326. JSTOR 42634469.
- "Manila", Philippines, Lonely Planet, 2003, p. 87+, ISBN 9781740592109, OL 8906497M
- "Manila". Understanding Slums: Case Studies for the Global Report 2003. United Nations Human Settlements Programme and University College London. 2003.
- Bruce P. Lenman (2004). "Manila". In Ooi Keat Gin (ed.). Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 854+. ISBN 978-1-57607-770-2.
- Yoshihiro Chiba (2005). "Cigar-Makers in American Colonial Manila: Survival during Structural Depression in the 1920s". Journal of Southeast Asian Studies. 36 (3): 373–397. doi:10.1017/s0022463405000214. JSTOR 20072667. S2CID 161723850.
- Gavin Shatkin (2007). Collective Action and Urban Poverty Alleviation: Community Organizations and the Struggle for Shelter in Manila. Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7546-4786-7.
- Marco Garrido (2008). "Civil and Uncivil Society Symbolic Boundaries and Civic Exclusion in Metro Manila". Philippine Studies. 56 (4): 443–465. JSTOR 42633976.
- Greg Bankoff (2012). "Tale of Two Cities: the Pyro-Seismic Morphology of 19th-century Manila". In Greg Bankoff; et al. (eds.). Flammable Cities: Urban Conflagration and the Making of the Modern World. USA: University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 170–189. ISBN 978-0-299-28383-4.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Manila.