Timeline_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations

Timeline of the Commonwealth of Nations

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This is a timeline of the Commonwealth of Nations from the Balfour Declaration of 1926. Some regard the Balfour Declaration as the foundation of the modern Commonwealth.

1920s – 1930s – 1940s – 1950s – 1960s – 1970s – 1980s – 1990s – 2000s – 2010s – 2020s

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[The_Balfour_Formula-1] [1]
Marshall, Sir Peter (September 2001). "The Balfour Formula and the Evolution of the Commonwealth". The Round Table. 90 (361): 541–53. doi:10.1080/00358530120082823. S2CID 143421201.

[List_of_Meetings-2] [2]
"List of Meetings". Commonwealth Secretariat. Archived from the original on 19 October 2008. Retrieved 22 December 2008.

[The_Expansion_of_the_Commonwealth-3] [3]
McIntyre, W. David (April 2008). "The Expansion of the Commonwealth and the Criteria for Membership". Round Table. 97 (395): 273–85. doi:10.1080/00358530801962089. S2CID 219623317. Malaya's joining as an indigenous monarchy in 1957

[4] [4]
McIntyre, W. David (January 2000). "Britain and the creation of the Commonwealth Secretariat". Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History. 28 (1): 135–158. doi:10.1080/03086530008583082. S2CID 159673400.

[UDI_Chronology-5] [5]
"Chronology: Rhodesia UDI: Road to Settlement". London School of Economics. Retrieved 23 December 2008.

[6] [6]
Kohen, Marcelo G. (2006). Secession. London: Cambridge University Press. p. 122. ISBN 978-0-521-84928-9.

[The_Maldives_and_the_Commonwealth-7] [7]
"The Maldives and the Commonwealth". Republic of Maldives. Retrieved 30 January 2009.

[Cameroon_and_the_Commonwealth-8] [8]
Pondi, Jean-Emmanuel (October 1997). "Cameroon and the Commonwealth of Nations". The Round Table. 86 (344): 563–70. doi:10.1080/00358539708454389.

[9] [9]
Ingram, Derek (April 1996). "Commonwealth Update". The Round Table. 85 (338): 153–165. doi:10.1080/00358539608454302.

[10] [10]
Ingram, Derek (October 1999). "Commonwealth Update". The Round Table. 88 (352): 547–567. doi:10.1080/003585399107758.

[11] [11]
Ingram, Derek (January 2000). "Commonwealth Update". The Round Table. 89 (353): 45–57. doi:10.1080/750459452. S2CID 219628879.

[Commonwealth_Update_July_2000-12] [12]
Ingram, Derek (July 2000). "Commonwealth Update". The Round Table. 89 (355): 311–55. doi:10.1080/00358530050083406. S2CID 219626283.

[Brisbane_Notebook-13] [13]
Ingram, Derek (January 2002). "Brisbane Notebook". The Round Table. 91 (363): 37–39. doi:10.1080/00358530220118516. S2CID 219629137.

[Commonwealth_Update_Apr/2002-14] [14]
Ingram, Derek (April 2002). "Commonwealth Update". The Round Table. 91 (364): 131–59. doi:10.1080/00358530220144148. S2CID 219627051.

[Editorial:_CHOGM_2003-15] [15]
"Editorial: CHOGM 2003, Abuja, Nigeria". The Round Table. 93 (373): 3–6. January 2004. doi:10.1080/0035853042000188139. S2CID 219624427.

[16] [16]
"Our Work". Commonwealth Secretariat. Archived from the original on 12 April 2008. Retrieved 30 January 2009.

[17] [17]
Ingram, Derek (July 2004). "Commonwealth Update". The Round Table. 93 (375): 311–42. doi:10.1080/0035853042000249933. S2CID 219627311.

[18] [18]
"International Organisations Act 2005". Office of Public Sector Information. 7 April 2005. Retrieved 30 January 2009.

[19] [19]
Ingram, Derek; Soal, Judith (February 2007). "Commonwealth Update". The Round Table. 96 (388): 2–28. doi:10.1080/00358530701189734. S2CID 219623258.

[Commonwealth_Update_8_February-20] [20]
Gruenbaum, Oren (February 2008). "Commonwealth Update". The Round Table. 97 (394): 3–17. doi:10.1080/00358530701864963. S2CID 219625114.

[Commonwealth_Update_8_June-21] [21]
Gruenbaum, Oren (June 2008). "Commonwealth Update". The Round Table. 97 (396): 341–54. doi:10.1080/00358530802159347. S2CID 219625791.

[22] [22]
Staff writer (29 May 2010). "Kamla now Commonwealth Chair". Trinidad and Tobago Newsday. Retrieved 29 May 2010. The position she has inherited from former prime minister Bob Manning following the nation's hosting of the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting in November, 2009.

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Year	Date	Event
1926	25 October	The Balfour Declaration of 1926 establishes the principle of the separate and equal status of the dominions within the British Empire, "freely associated as members of the British Commonwealth".^[1]
1927	12 April	The Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act 1927 changes the title of the British monarch, to reflect the secession of most of historic Ireland from the United Kingdom

Year	Date	Event
1930	16 August	The first British Empire Games, the forerunners of the Commonwealth Games, open in Hamilton, Canada.
1930	1 October	seventh Imperial Conference convenes in London. Meeting drafts what becomes the Statute of Westminster.
1931	11 December	The Statute of Westminster 1931 is enacted, formalises the Balfour Declaration 1926, with the Parliament of the United Kingdom renouncing legislative power over the dominions. It is adopted by Canada, the Irish Free State, Newfoundland, and the Union of South Africa. Australia and New Zealand decline to adopt it.^[1]
1932	21 July	The British Empire Economic Conference is convened. Policy of Imperial preference adopted.
1934	16 February	The self-government of the Dominion of Newfoundland is suspended, replaced by the Commission of Government. Newfoundland ceases to be in the Commonwealth.
1934	4 August	The second British Empire Games open in London, the United Kingdom.
1936	20 January	King George V dies, being succeeded by Edward VIII.
	10 December	King Edward VIII signs the instruments of abdication, effective the next day.
	11 December	The United Kingdom passes His Majesty's Declaration of Abdication Act 1936 (which, at the request of those countries' Parliaments, equally applies to Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa), effecting Edward VIII's abdication and succession by George VI. Canada passes the Succession to the Throne Act to the same effect.
	11 December	The Constitution (Amendment No. 27) Act 1936 of the Irish Free State comes into effect, removing reference to the King in the Constitution.
	12 December	The Irish Free State passes the Executive Authority (External Relations) Act 1936, conferring statutory functions on the British monarch and recognising George VI as Edward VIII's successor, one day after the rest of the Commonwealth.
1937	14 May to 24 June	eighth and final Imperial Conference held in London following the coronation of King George VI; rejects concept of Imperial Federation.
1937	29 December	A new Irish constitution is promulgated establishing the state under the name 'Ireland', creating the position of President, and calling into question whether Ireland still formed part of His Majesty's dominions.
1938	5 February	The third British Empire Games open in Sydney, Australia.
1939	1 September	Nazi Germany invades Poland, precipitating an ultimatum from the United Kingdom, which was ignored by Germany, leading inexorably to the Second World War.
	2 September	Irish Taoiseach Éamon de Valera announces his intention to remain neutral in the impending war, regardless of British policy. The government declares the Emergency.
	3 September	The United Kingdom declares war upon Nazi Germany, beginning the British Empire and Commonwealth's involvement in the six-year conflict.
	3 September	The Australian Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1942 (see below) was backdated to this date.
	4 September	South Africa's United Party refuses to accept Prime Minister Barry Hertzog's declaration of neutrality in the war, and vote to replace him as party leader with Jan Smuts.
	6 September	South Africa declares war upon Nazi Germany, becoming the first dominion to do so independently of the United Kingdom.
	9 September	Canada declares war upon Nazi Germany.

Year	Date	Event
1942	9 October	Australia passes the Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1942, adopting the Statute of Westminster 1931, but back-dating it to 3 September 1939, when the United Kingdom (and therefore Australia) declared war upon Nazi Germany.
1944	1 May	The first Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference convenes in London.^[2]
1945	4 April	A Commonwealth Statesmen's Meeting convenes in London to co-ordinate members' demands and expectations of the impending end of the war.
	8 May	Nazi Germany surrenders to the Allied Powers, ending the Second World War in Europe.
	15 August	The Empire of Japan surrenders to the Allied Powers, ending the Second World War.
1946	21 February	The British Commonwealth Occupation Force is formed from Australian, British, Indian, and New Zealand occupation forces in Japan.
1946	23 April	The second Commonwealth Prime Ministers Conference convenes in London.^[2]
1947	3 February	In response to Canada's passage the previous year of the Canadian Citizenship Act the previous year, a Commonwealth conference on nationality and citizenship is convened. It is agreed to redefine the concept of citizenship in the Commonwealth so that, rather than all those in the British Empire and Commonwealth being British subjects, each Commonwealth state is free to also define its own separate citizenship. As a result, the British Nationality Act 1948 is passed the next year by the British parliament which creates a distinction in that country between British citizens and British subjects; Australia and New Zealand also pass their own citizenship acts. Eventually, the category of British subject develops into that of a Commonwealth citizen whose rights are greater than those of a foreign national but often less than one of a full citizen of the country in question. Ireland had already passed citizenship legislation in 1935 defining its own citizenship laws.
	15 August	India joins the Commonwealth upon being granted independence by the United Kingdom. Pakistan (including modern Bangladesh) joins the Commonwealth following the Partition of India.
	21 October	India and Pakistan begin the first Indo-Pakistani War, over the princely state of Kashmir and Jammu. It is the first armed conflict between two members of the Commonwealth.
	25 November	New Zealand passes the Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1947.
1948	4 February	Ceylon (modern-day Sri Lanka) joins the Commonwealth upon being granted independence by the United Kingdom.
	16 June	Three European plantation managers are killed in Perak, sparking the Malayan Emergency, leading to deployment of Commonwealth soldiers to Malaya.
	11 October	The third Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference convenes in London.^[2]
	31 December	India and Pakistan sign a cease-fire, ending the first Indo-Pakistani War.
1949	31 March	Newfoundland, a Dominion until 1934, joins Canada as a province.
	18 April	Ireland ceases to be regarded as a member of the Commonwealth by the Commonwealth countries. They took this view on the basis that the Republic of Ireland Act 1948 had come into effect. The legislation ended the statutory role of the British monarchy in Ireland. In contrast, Irish leaders had long regarded Ireland as a republic outside the Commonwealth but associated with it.
	22 April	The fourth Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference convenes in London.^[2] The agenda is dominated by the imminence of India becoming a republic and its future within the Commonwealth.
	28 April	The Commonwealth Heads of Government issue the London Declaration. It allows India (and, thenceafter, all other members) to remain in the Commonwealth as a republic, creates the position of Head of the Commonwealth, and changes the name of the organisation to the Commonwealth of Nations. The decisions of the 1947 Commonwealth ministerial conference on nationality and citizenship are affirmed which allow states to create their own citizenship rules. Indians are agreed to be recognised as Commonwealth citizens, rather than British subjects, once India becomes a republic.

Year	Date	Event
1950	26 January	India becomes a republic, being the first republic in the Commonwealth of Nations.
1950	4 February	The fourth British Empire Games open in Auckland, New Zealand. These would be the last under that name.
1951	4 January	The fifth Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference convenes in London.^[2]
1951	28 July	The 1st Commonwealth Division is created to amalgamate Australian, British, Canadian, Indian, and New Zealand forces engaged in the Korean War.
1952	6 February	George VI dies, being succeeded as monarch of the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Ceylon, Pakistan and South Africa by Elizabeth II, as well as Head of the Commonwealth.
	28 April	The British Commonwealth Occupation Force is officially disbanded, having transferred control of Far Eastern forces to British Commonwealth Forces Korea.
	20 October	Sir Evelyn Baring, Governor of Kenya, declares a state of emergency, recognising the severity of the Mau Mau Uprising.
	28 November	Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Economic Conference convenes in London to discuss proposals to expand trade within the Commonwealth.
1953	3 June	The sixth Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference convenes in London.^[2]
1954	30 July	The British Empire Games are renamed the 'British Empire and Commonwealth Games', with the opening of the 1954 Games in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
1955	26 January	The seventh Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference convenes in London.^[2]
1956	27 June	The eighth Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference convenes in London.^[2]
1957	6 March	Ghana, previously the Gold Coast, joins the Commonwealth upon being granted independence by the United Kingdom, becoming the first majority-ruled African member.
	26 June	The ninth Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference convenes in London. The new Canadian prime minister, John Diefenbaker, proposes the intensification of trade relations within the Commonwealth. His call for an Empire Trade Conference are resisted by the British government which has an eye towards the UK developing stronger trade relations with Europe and the newly formed European Economic Community. However, a Commonwealth Trade and Economic Conference is called for the next year.^[2]
	31 August	The Federation of Malaya joins the Commonwealth upon being granted independence by the United Kingdom. It is the first monarchy in the Commonwealth except for the Commonwealth realms.^[3]
1958	3 January	The Federation of the West Indies is formed from the British West Indies as a self-governing colony.
	30 July	The 1958 British Empire and Commonwealth Games open in Cardiff, the United Kingdom.
	28 September	The Commonwealth Trade and Economic Conference concludes with a communique agreeing that the pound sterling should be made fully convertible and that trade barriers within the Commonwealth should be progressively removed

Year	Date	Event
1960	3 February	British Prime Minister Harold Macmillan issues his 'Wind of Change' speech to the Parliament of South Africa.
	3 May	The tenth Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference convenes in London; Malaya demands South Africa's expulsion from the Commonwealth due to its racial policies.^[2]
	1 October	Nigeria joins the Commonwealth upon being granted independence by the United Kingdom.
1961	8 March	The 11th Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference convenes in London.^[2] South Africa's application to request to remain in the Commonwealth upon becoming a republic is rejected due to the country's policy of apartheid.
	13 March	Cyprus joins the Commonwealth,^[4] having gained independence from the United Kingdom the previous year. Heavily opposed by the United Kingdom, it is the first small country to join.^[3]
	27 April	Sierra Leone joins the Commonwealth upon being granted independence by the United Kingdom.
	31 May	South Africa becomes a republic, temporarily withdrawing from the Commonwealth.
	9 December	Tanganyika, now part of Tanzania, joins the Commonwealth upon being granted independence by the United Kingdom.
1962	31 May	The Federation of the West Indies collapses. Its constituent states revert to being colonies of the United Kingdom, and preparations begin to grant them separate independence within the Commonwealth.
	6 August	Jamaica joins the Commonwealth upon being granted independence by the United Kingdom.
	31 August	Trinidad and Tobago joins the Commonwealth upon being granted independence by the United Kingdom.
	10 September	The 12th Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference convenes in London. Concerns of Commonwealth countries about the implications for trade and economic relations in regards to Britain's possible entry into the European Common Market is the main topic of discussion.^[2]
	9 October	Uganda joins the Commonwealth upon being granted independence by the United Kingdom.
	22 November	The 1962 British Empire and Commonwealth Games open in Perth, Australia.
1963	10 December	Zanzibar, now part of Tanzania, joins the Commonwealth upon being granted independence by the United Kingdom. It is, albeit briefly, the first hereditary monarchy in the Commonwealth except for the Commonwealth realms.
1963	12 December	Kenya joins the Commonwealth upon being granted independence by the United Kingdom.
1964	26 April	Two Commonwealth members, Tanganyika and Zanzibar, merge to form the United Republic of Tanzania, which joins the Commonwealth.
	6 July	Malawi, previously Nyasaland, joins the Commonwealth upon being granted independence by the United Kingdom.
	8 July	The 13th Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference convenes in London. The leaders agree to a communique declaring the Commonwealth's commitment to racial equality and an end to discrimination. The idea of a Commonwealth Secretariat is proposed. The government of the colony of Southern Rhodesia, whose prime ministers had frequently attended Imperial and Commonwealth conferences since 1930, is excluded due to a decision to confine attendance at meetings to leaders of independent states.^[2]
	21 September	Malta joins the Commonwealth upon being granted independence by the United Kingdom.
	24 October	Zambia, previously Northern Rhodesia, joins the Commonwealth upon being granted independence by the United Kingdom.
1965	18 February	The Gambia joins the Commonwealth upon being granted independence by the United Kingdom.
	17 June	The 14th Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference convenes in London.^[2] The Conference approves the creation of the Commonwealth Secretariat. The meeting also discusses the crisis in Rhodesia, relations with South Africa and Portuguese colonies in Africa, and opposition by Asian and African Commonwealth countries to British, Australian and New Zealand's support for American intervention in the Vietnam War. The Commonwealth reaffirms its declaration that all Commonwealth states should work for societies based on racial equality.
	1 July	The Commonwealth Secretariat is founded. The first Secretary-General is Canada's Arnold Smith.
	9 August	Singapore joins the Commonwealth upon being granted independence by Malaysia.
	15 August	India and Pakistan begin the second Indo-Pakistani War, over the princely state of Kashmir and Jammu.
	23 September	India and Pakistan sign a cease-fire, ending the second Indo-Pakistani War.
	11 November	Rhodesia issues a Unilateral Declaration of Independence, which is rejected by the United Kingdom, sparking a 15-year crisis in the Commonwealth.^[5]
	12 December	The United Kingdom imposes full economic sanctions on Rhodesia.^[5]
1966	10 January	The 15th Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference convenes in Lagos, Nigeria to discuss the Rhodesian crisis. It was the first Conference held outside London.^[2]
	10 March	The Commonwealth Secretariat Act 1966 is passed, coming into effect retroactively on 1 July 1965, the date of the Secretariat's foundation, granting the Secretariat legal immunity in the United Kingdom.
	26 May	Guyana, previously British Guiana, joins the Commonwealth upon being granted independence by the United Kingdom.
	4 August	The 1966 British Empire and Commonwealth Games open in Kingston, Jamaica. It was the first time the Games were held outside the so-called 'White Commonwealth', and the last time the Games included the British Empire in their name.
	6 September	The 16th Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference convenes in London.^[2] Discussion is again dominated by Rhodesia with the United Kingdom announcing NIBMAR policy towards the rogue colony: refusing independence until the Black majority is given the vote.
	30 September	Botswana,formerly Bechuanaland Protectorate, joins the Commonwealth upon being granted independence by the United Kingdom.
	4 October	Lesotho, formerly Basutoland, joins the Commonwealth upon being granted independence by the United Kingdom.
	30 November	Barbados joins the Commonwealth upon being granted independence by the United Kingdom.
1968	31 January	Nauru joins the Commonwealth as a 'Special Member' upon being granted independence from a joint Australia-New Zealand-United Kingdom trusteeship. It is the first microstate to join.^[3]
	12 March	Mauritius joins the Commonwealth upon being granted independence by the United Kingdom.
	6 September	Swaziland joins the Commonwealth upon being granted independence by the United Kingdom.
1969	7 January	The 17th and last Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference convenes in London and is again dominated by discussion of how to bring white minority rule in Rhodesia to an end. Also discussed is the Biafra crisis in Nigeria and discrimination against South Asian communities living in Africa and Black and Asian immigrants living in the UK.^[2]

Timeline_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations

Timeline of the Commonwealth of Nations

1920s (from 1926)

1930s

1940s

1950s

1960s

1970s

1980s

1990s

2000s

2010s

2020s

Footnotes

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Year	Date	Event
1970	2 March	Rhodesia declares itself a republic and a new constitution takes effect.^[5]
	4 June	Tonga joins the Commonwealth upon being granted independence by the United Kingdom.
	1 July	Arnold Smith begins his second term as Commonwealth Secretary-General.
	16 July	The 1970 British Commonwealth Games open in Edinburgh, the United Kingdom. It was the first time the Games use the metric system.
	28 August	Western Samoa joins the Commonwealth, having gained independence from New Zealand in 1962.
	10 October	Dominion of Fiji joins the Commonwealth upon being granted independence by the United Kingdom.
1971	14 January	The first Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting convenes in Singapore.^[2]
	22 January	At the conclusion of the first CHOGM, the assembled Commonwealth Heads of Government issue the Singapore Declaration, setting out the core political values of the Commonwealth. It is considered, along with the 1991 Harare Declaration, one of the two most important documents of the Commonwealth's constitution.
	26 March	East Pakistan declares its independence as Bangladesh.
	3 December	India intervenes in Bangladesh, sparking the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971.
	16 December	Pakistan surrenders to India, ending the war.
1972	18 April	Bangladesh joins the Commonwealth, having gained independence from Pakistan the previous year.^[6] Pakistan temporarily withdraws from the Commonwealth in protest at the Commonwealth's recognition of Bangladesh's independence.
1973	10 July	The Bahamas joins the Commonwealth upon being granted independence by the United Kingdom.
1973	2 August	The second Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting convenes in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.^[2]
1974	24 January	The 1974 British Commonwealth Games open in Christchurch, New Zealand. It is the last time that the Games' name includes reference to "British".
1974	7 February	Grenada joins the Commonwealth upon being granted independence by the United Kingdom.
1975	29 April	The third Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting convenes in Kingston, Jamaica.^[2]
	1 July	Guyana's Shridath Ramphal succeeds Arnold Smith as Commonwealth Secretary-General.
	16 September	Papua New Guinea joins the Commonwealth upon being granted independence by Australia.
1976	29 June	Seychelles joins the Commonwealth upon being granted independence by the United Kingdom.
1977	8 June	The fourth Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting convenes in London, the United Kingdom.^[2]
1978	7 July	The Solomon Islands joins the Commonwealth upon being granted independence by the United Kingdom.
	3 August	The 1978 Commonwealth Games open in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. It is the first time that the Games are held under the current name.
	1 October	Tuvalu joins the Commonwealth upon being granted independence by the United Kingdom.
	3 November	Dominica joins the Commonwealth upon being granted independence by the United Kingdom.
1979	12 July	Kiribati joins the Commonwealth upon being granted independence by the United Kingdom.
	1 August	The fifth Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting convenes in Lusaka, Zambia.^[2]
	7 August	At the conclusion of the fifth CHOGM, the assembled Commonwealth Heads of Government issue the Lusaka Declaration, reaffirming the Commonwealth's opposition to racism and demanding legal equality for all people of the Commonwealth.
	27 October	Saint Vincent and the Grenadines joins the Commonwealth upon being granted independence by the United Kingdom.
	12 December	Zimbabwe Rhodesia dissolves itself, returning power to the United Kingdom (formally as Southern Rhodesia) in preparation for recognised independence.^[5]
	21 December	The Lancaster House Agreement is reached, setting the terms of independence for Southern Rhodesia.^[5]

Year	Date	Event
1980	1 July	Shridath Ramphal begins his second term as Commonwealth Secretary-General.
	1 October	Zimbabwe, formerly Southern Rhodesia and Rhodesia, joins the Commonwealth upon being granted independence by the United Kingdom.
	30 July	Vanuatu, formerly the New Hebrides, joins the Commonwealth upon being granted independence from a joint France-United Kingdom condominium.
1981	21 September	Belize joins the Commonwealth upon being granted independence by the United Kingdom.
	30 September	The sixth Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting convenes in Melbourne, Australia.^[2]
	1 November	Antigua and Barbuda joins the Commonwealth upon being granted independence by the United Kingdom.
1982	30 September	The 1982 Commonwealth Games open in Brisbane, Australia.
1982	9 July	Maldives joins the Commonwealth as a 'Special Member', having been granted independence by the United Kingdom in 1965.^[7]
1983	19 September	Saint Kitts and Nevis joins the Commonwealth upon being granted independence by the United Kingdom.
1983	23 November	The seventh Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting convenes in New Delhi, India.^[2]
1984	1 January	Brunei joins the Commonwealth upon being granted independence by the United Kingdom.
1985	1 July	Shridath Ramphal begins his third term as Commonwealth Secretary-General. He becomes the first, and (so far) only, Secretary-General to serve three terms.
	20 July	Maldives becomes a full member of the Commonwealth, having joined as a 'Special Member' in 1982.^[7]
	16 October	The eighth Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting convenes in Nassau, The Bahamas.^[2]
1986	24 July	The 1986 Commonwealth Games open in Edinburgh, the United Kingdom. The Games are boycotted by 32 countries, including almost all African, Caribbean, and Asian nations, to protest against the British government's attitude to sport in apartheid-era South Africa.
1986	3 August	The ninth Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting convenes in London, the United Kingdom.
1987	13 October	The tenth Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting convenes in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. It is the first meeting held outside the host country's capital city.^[2]
1987	15 October	Fiji is deemed to have left the Commonwealth of Nations by decision of the assembled Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting, after two coups d'état, and Sitiveni Rabuka's declaration of a republic in Fiji.
1989	29 September	Cameroon applies for observer status in the Commonwealth, paving the way for its membership six years later.^[8]
	1 October	Pakistan returns to the Commonwealth.
	18 October	The 11th Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting convenes in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.^[2]
	21 October	At the conclusion of the eleventh CHOGM, the assembled Commonwealth Heads of Government issue the Langkawi Declaration, committing Commonwealth members to environmental sustainability.

Year	Date	Event
1990	24 January	The 1990 Commonwealth Games open in Auckland, New Zealand.
	21 March	Namibia joins the Commonwealth upon being granted independence by South Africa.
	1 July	Nigeria's Chief Emeka Anyaoku succeeds Shridath Ramphal as Commonwealth Secretary-General.
1991	16 October	The 12th Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting convenes in Harare, Zimbabwe.^[2]
1991	20 October	At the conclusion of the twelfth CHOGM, the assembled Commonwealth Heads of Government issue the Harare Declaration, establishing the core principles and values of the Commonwealth, detailing membership criteria, and redefining and reinforcing its purpose. It is considered, along with the 1971 Singapore Declaration, one of the two most important documents of the Commonwealth's constitution.
1993	21 October	The 13th Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting convenes in Limassol, Cyprus.^[2]
1994	1 June	South Africa returns to the Commonwealth, albeit, as a republic in the Commonwealth of Nations.
1994	18 August	The 1994 Commonwealth Games open in Victoria, Canada. The event marked South Africa's return to the Games after a 36 years absence.
1995	1 July	Chief Emeka Anyaoku begins his second term as Commonwealth Secretary-General.
	10 November	The 14th Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting convenes in Auckland, New Zealand.^[2]
	12 November	The assembled Commonwealth Heads of Government agree to the Millbrook Commonwealth Action Programme on the Harare Declaration, designed to implement the Harare Declaration's affirmation of the Commonwealth's principles and membership criteria.
	13 November	Cameroon joins the Commonwealth, having been granted independence by France in 1960, and joined by the former British colony of Southern Cameroons in 1961.^[8]
	13 November	Mozambique joins the Commonwealth. It is the first country to join the Commonwealth without having had constitutional ties to an existing member.^[9]
1997	1 October	Fiji returns to the Commonwealth, having adopted a new constitution that complies with Commonwealth standards.
	24 October	The 15th Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting convenes in Edinburgh, the United Kingdom.^[2]
	27 October	At the conclusion of the 15th CHOGM, the assembled Commonwealth Heads of Government issue the Edinburgh Declaration, codifying the Commonwealth's membership criteria.
1998	11 September	The 1998 Commonwealth Games open in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. It is the first Games to be held in Asia, and the first to be held outside the so-called 'White Commonwealth' since 1966.
1999	29 May	The Commonwealth Ministerial Action Group lifts Nigeria's suspension from the Commonwealth.^[10]
	18 October	The Commonwealth Ministerial Action Group suspends Pakistan from the Commonwealth with immediate effect.^[11]
	12 November	The 16th Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting convenes in Durban, South Africa.^[2] Thabo Mbeki becomes the first Commonwealth Chairperson-in-Office.

Year	Date	Event
2000	1 April	New Zealand's Don McKinnon succeeds Chief Emeka Anyaoku as Commonwealth Secretary-General.^[12]
2000	6 June	The Commonwealth Ministerial Action Group partially suspends Fiji from the Commonwealth with immediate effect.^[12]
2001	28 September	The Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting that was due to convene on 6 October is cancelled in the aftermath of the 11 September terrorist attacks on the United States.^[13]
	6 October	The 17th Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting was due to convene in Brisbane, Australia.^[13]
	20 December	The Commonwealth Ministerial Action Group lifts Fiji's suspension from the Commonwealth, but keeps it on the agenda until the Supreme Court rules on the government's constitutionality.^[14]
2002	30 January	The Commonwealth Ministerial Action Group approves Pervez Musharraf's roadmap for the October general election.^[14]
	2 March	The 17th Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting convenes in Coolum, Australia.^[2] John Howard becomes Commonwealth Chairperson-in-Office.
	19 March	After Commonwealth election observers report that Zimbabwe's presidential election was rife with fraud and intimidation, the troika, led by John Howard, announces Zimbabwe's immediate suspension from the Commonwealth.^[14]
	25 July	The 2002 Commonwealth Games open in Manchester, the United Kingdom.
2003	5 December	The 18th Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting convenes in Abuja, Nigeria.^[2] Olusegun Obasanjo becomes Commonwealth Chairperson-in-Office.
	5 December	New Zealand's Don McKinnon is re-elected as Commonwealth Secretary-General in a surprise competitive election by forty votes to eleven against Sri Lanka's Lakshman Kadirgamar.^[15]
	7 December	Robert Mugabe personally announces Zimbabwe's immediate withdrawal from the Commonwealth, in wake of his failure to have his country's suspension lifted.^[15]
	8 December	At the conclusion of the 18th CHOGM, the assembled Commonwealth Heads of Government issue the Aso Rock Declaration, reaffirming the Commonwealth's commitment to the Harare Declaration.^[16]
2004	1 April	Don McKinnon begins his second term as Commonwealth Secretary-General.
2004	22 May	The Commonwealth Ministerial Action Group lifts Pakistan's suspension from the Commonwealth with immediate effect.^[17]
2005	7 April	The International Organisations Act 2005 is passed in the United Kingdom, amending the Commonwealth Secretariat Act 1966.^[18]
2005	25 November	The 19th Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting convenes in Valletta, Malta.^[2] Lawrence Gonzi becomes Commonwealth Chairperson-in-Office.
2006	15 March	The 2006 Commonwealth Games open in Melbourne, Australia.
2006	8 December	The Commonwealth Ministerial Action Group suspends Fiji from the Commonwealth with immediate effect.^[19]
2007	24 October	The Committee on Commonwealth Membership makes recommendations on changes to the membership criteria of the Commonwealth.
	22 November	The Commonwealth Ministerial Action Group suspends Pakistan from the Commonwealth with immediate effect.^[20]
	23 November	The 20th Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting convenes in Kampala, Uganda.^[2] Yoweri Museveni becomes Commonwealth Chairperson-in-Office.
2008	1 April	India's Kamalesh Sharma succeeds Don McKinnon as Commonwealth Secretary-General.^[21]
2008	22 May	The Commonwealth Ministerial Action Group lifts Pakistan's suspension from the Commonwealth with immediate effect.^[21]
2009	1 September	Fiji's suspension is increased to a full suspension, following a failure to commit to the restoration of electoral government by 2010.
2009	27 November	The 21st Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting convenes in Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago.^[2] Patrick Manning becomes Commonwealth Chairperson-in-Office. Rwanda is admitted to the Commonwealth.

Year	Date	Event
2010	26 May	Kamla Persad-Bissessar becomes Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago, and thus succeeds Patrick Manning as Commonwealth Chairperson-in-Office.^[22]
2010	October	The 2010 Commonwealth Games are held in Delhi, India.
2011	28 October	The 22nd Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting convenes in Perth, Australia. Julia Gillard becomes Commonwealth Chairperson-in-Office. Meeting leads to Perth Agreement in which amendmented the rules to the royal succession laws, namely, replacing male-preference primogeniture with absolute primogeniture and ending the disqualification of those married to Roman Catholics.
2013	October	The Gambia withdrew from the Commonwealth by decree of Yahya Jammeh.
2013	November	The 23rd Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting convenes in Colombo, Sri Lanka. Mahinda Rajapaksa becomes Commonwealth Chairperson-in-Office.
2014	July–August	The 2014 Commonwealth Games are held in Glasgow, Scotland
2015	January	Maithripala Sirisena becomes President of Sri Lanka, after the 2 year early 2015 Sri Lankan Presidential Election and thus succeeds Mahinda Rajapaksa as Commonwealth Chairperson-in-Office.
2015	November	The 24th Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting convenes in Malta. Joseph Muscat becomes Commonwealth Chairperson-in-Office.
2016	October	The Maldives withdrew from the Commonwealth.
2017		The Gambia begins the process of returning to the Commonwealth under the new Gambian Government of President Adama Barrow.
2017		The offer to host the 25th Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting, originally scheduled to be held in Vanuatu is rescinded, after Cyclone Pam devastated the country's infrastructure in March 2015. 2019 Meeting to be hosted in Malaysia is moved to 2020.
2018	February	The Gambia was readmitted to the Commonwealth.
	April	The rescheduled 25th Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting convenes in London, United Kingdom, after Vanuatu's offer to host in 2018 is rescinded due to Cyclone Pam devastated the country's infrastructure in March 2015. Charles, Prince of Wales, is selected as the third Head of the Commonwealth, to take office sometime in the future.
	April	The 2018 Commonwealth Games were held in Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia.
	May	Zimbabwe applied to rejoin the Commonwealth.

Year	Date	Event
2020	1 February	The Maldives returns to the Commonwealth.
2021	30 November	Barbados becomes a republic but remains in the Commonwealth.
2022	24–25 June	The rescheduled 26th Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting was held in Kigali.
	25 June	Togo and Gabon join the Commonwealth.
	July–August	The 2022 Commonwealth Games take place in Birmingham, England, United Kingdom, after the games were stripped from Durban, South Africa.
	8 September	Queen Elizabeth II dies, being succeeded by King Charles III.