Timeline_of_the_Song_dynasty

Timeline of the Song dynasty

Add article description

This is a timeline of the Song dynasty (960–1279). The Song dynasty was founded by Zhao Kuangyin, posthumously known as Emperor Taizu of Song, who ended the period of division known as the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. The Song dynasty is commonly separated into two historical periods, the Northern Song (960–1127) and the Southern Song (1127–1279), divided by the loss of the north to the Jurchen Jin dynasty (1115–1234). In 1279, the Mongol Yuan dynasty conquered the Song.

Northern Song (960–1127)

Southern Song (1127–1279)

Bibliography

Andrade, Tonio (2008f), "Chapter 6: The Birth of Co-colonization", How Taiwan Became Chinese: Dutch, Spanish, and Han Colonization in the Seventeenth Century, Columbia University Press
Andrade, Tonio (2016), The Gunpowder Age: China, Military Innovation, and the Rise of the West in World History, Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-0-691-13597-7.
Asimov, M.S. (1998), History of civilizations of Central Asia Volume IV The age of achievement: A.D. 750 to the end of the fifteenth century Part One The historical, social and economic setting, UNESCO Publishing
Barfield, Thomas (1989), The Perilous Frontier: Nomadic Empires and China, Basil Blackwell
Barrett, Timothy Hugh (2008), The Woman Who Discovered Printing, Great Britain: Yale University Press, ISBN 978-0-300-12728-7 (alk. paper)
Beckwith, Christopher I (1987), The Tibetan Empire in Central Asia: A History of the Struggle for Great Power among Tibetans, Turks, Arabs, and Chinese during the Early Middle Ages, Princeton University Press
Beckwith, Christopher I. (2009), Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present, Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-0-691-13589-2
Biran, Michal (2005), The Empire of the Qara Khitai in Eurasian History: Between China and the Islamic World, Cambridge Studies in Islamic Civilization, Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0521842263
Bregel, Yuri (2003), An Historical Atlas of Central Asia, Brill
Chase, Kenneth Warren (2003), Firearms: A Global History to 1700, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-82274-9
Chia, Lucille (2011), Knowledge and Text Production in an Age of Print: China, 900-1400, Brill
Drompp, Michael Robert (2005), Tang China And The Collapse Of The Uighur Empire: A Documentary History, Brill
Ebrey, Patricia Buckley (1999), The Cambridge Illustrated History of China, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-66991-X (paperback).
Ebrey, Patricia Buckley; Walthall, Anne; Palais, James B. (2006), East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, ISBN 0-618-13384-4
Golden, Peter B. (1992), An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples: Ethnogenesis and State-Formation in Medieval and Early Modern Eurasia and the Middle East, OTTO HARRASSOWITZ · WIESBADEN
Graff, David A. (2002), Medieval Chinese Warfare, 300-900, Warfare and History, London: Routledge, ISBN 0415239559
Graff, David Andrew (2016), The Eurasian Way of War Military Practice in Seventh-Century China and Byzantium, Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-46034-7.
Haywood, John (1998), Historical Atlas of the Medieval World, AD 600-1492, Barnes & Noble
Herman, John E. (2007), Amid the Clouds and Mist China's Colonization of Guizhou, 1200–1700, Harvard University Asia Center, ISBN 978-0-674-02591-2
Hobson, John M. (2004), The Eastern Origins of Western Civilization, Cambridge University Press
Jin, Dengjian (2016), The Great Knowledge Transcendence: The Rise of Western Science and Technology Reframed, Palgrave Macmillan
Kelly, Jack (2004), Gunpowder: Alchemy, Bombards, & Pyrotechnics: The History of the Explosive that Changed the World, Basic Books, ISBN 0-465-03718-6.
Knapp, Ronald G. (1980), China's Island Frontier: Studies in the Historical Geography of Taiwan, The University of Hawaii
Knapp, Ronald G. (2008), Chinese Bridges: Living Architecture From China's Past. Singapore, Tuttle Publishing
Kuhn, Dieter (2009), The Age of Confucian Rule, Harvard University Press
Latourette, Kenneth Scott (1964), The Chinese, their history and culture, Volumes 1-2, Macmillan
Lorge, Peter (2005), War, Politics and Society in Early Modern China, 900–1795, Routledge, ISBN 978-0-203-96929-8
Liang, Jieming (2006), Chinese Siege Warfare: Mechanical Artillery & Siege Weapons of Antiquity, Singapore, Republic of Singapore: Leong Kit Meng, ISBN 981-05-5380-3
Lorge, Peter A. (2008), The Asian Military Revolution: from Gunpowder to the Bomb, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-60954-8
Lu, Gwei-Djen (1988), "The Oldest Representation of a Bombard", Technology and Culture, 29 (3): 594–605, doi:10.2307/3105275, JSTOR 3105275, S2CID 112733319
Luttwak, Edward N. (2009), The Grand Strategy of the Byzantine Empire, The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press
Millward, James (2009), Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang, Columbia University Press
Mote, F. W. (2003), Imperial China: 900–1800, Harvard University Press, ISBN 978-0674012127
Needham, Joseph (1986a), Science and Civilization in China: Volume 3, Mathematics and the Sciences of the Heavens and the Earth, Taipei: Caves Books
—— (1986g), Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Engineering, Part 1, Physics, Taipei: Caves Books
—— (1986b), Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Engineering, Part 2, Mechanical Engineering, Taipei: Caves Books
—— (1986c), Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 3, Civil Engineering and Nautics, Taipei: Caves Books
—— (1986d), Science and Civilization in China: Volume 5, Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Part 1, Paper and Printing, Taipei: Caves Books
—— (1986e), Science and Civilization in China: Volume 5, Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Part 4, Spagyrical Discovery and Invention: Apparatus, Theories and Gifts, Taipei: Caves Books
—— (1986h), Science and Civilization in China: Volume 6, Biology and Biological Technology, Part 1, Botany, Cambridge University Press
—— (1986f), Science & Civilisation in China, vol. V:7: The Gunpowder Epic, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-30358-3
Pacey, Arnold (1991), Technology in World Civilization: A Thousand-year History, MIT Press
Partington, J. R. (1960), A History of Greek Fire and Gunpowder, Cambridge, UK: W. Heffer & Sons.
Partington, J. R. (1999), A History of Greek Fire and Gunpowder, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, ISBN 0-8018-5954-9
Reilly, Kevin (2012), The Human Journey: A Concise Introduction to World History, Volume 1, Rowman & Littlefield
Rong, Xinjiang (2013), Eighteen Lectures on Dunhuang, Brill
Rubinstein, Murray A. (1999), Taiwan: A New History, East Gate Books
Schafer, Edward H. (1985), The Golden Peaches of Samarkand: A study of T'ang Exotics, University of California Press
Shaban, M. A. (1979), The ʿAbbāsid Revolution, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-29534-3
Sima, Guang (2015), Bóyángbǎn Zīzhìtōngjiàn 54 huánghòu shīzōng 柏楊版資治通鑑54皇后失蹤, Yuǎnliú chūbǎnshìyè gǔfèn yǒuxiàn gōngsī, ISBN 978-957-32-0876-1
Skaff, Jonathan Karam (2012), Sui-Tang China and Its Turko-Mongol Neighbors: Culture, Power, and Connections, 580-800 (Oxford Studies in Early Empires), Oxford University Press
Standen, Naomi (2007), Unbounded Loyalty Frontier Crossings in Liao China, University of Hawai'i Press
Taylor, K.W. (2013), A History of the Vietnamese, Cambridge University Press
Tsien, Tsuen-Hsuin (1985), Paper and Printing, Needham, Joseph Science and Civilization in China:, vol. 5 part 1, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-08690-6
Twitchett, Denis C. (1979), The Cambridge History of China, Vol. 3, Sui and T'ang China, 589–906, Cambridge University Press
Twitchett, Denis (1994), "The Liao", The Cambridge History of China, Volume 6, Alien Regime and Border States, 907-1368, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 43–153, ISBN 0521243319
Twitchett, Denis (2009), The Cambridge History of China Volume 5 The Sung dynasty and its Predecessors, 907-1279, Cambridge University Press
Walker, Hugh Dyson (2012), East Asia: A New History, AuthorHouse
Wang, Zhenping (2013), Tang China in Multi-Polar Asia: A History of Diplomacy and War, University of Hawaii Press
Wilkinson, Endymion (2012), Chinese History: A New Manual, Harvard University Asia Center for the Harvard-Yenching Institute
Wilkinson, Endymion (2015), Chinese History: A New Manual, 4th edition, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Asia Center distributed by Harvard University Press, ISBN 9780674088467
Xiong, Victor Cunrui (2000), Sui-Tang Chang'an: A Study in the Urban History of Late Medieval China (Michigan Monographs in Chinese Studies), U OF M CENTER FOR CHINESE STUDIES, ISBN 0892641371
Xiong, Victor Cunrui (2009), Historical Dictionary of Medieval China, United States of America: Scarecrow Press, Inc., ISBN 978-0810860537
Xu, Elina-Qian (2005), HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE PRE-DYNASTIC KHITAN, Institute for Asian and African Studies 7
Xue, Zongzheng (1992), Turkic peoples, 中国社会科学出版社
Yuan, Shu (2001), Bóyángbǎn Tōngjiàn jìshìběnmò 28 dìèrcìhuànguánshídài 柏楊版通鑑記事本末28第二次宦官時代, Yuǎnliú chūbǎnshìyè gǔfèn yǒuxiàn gōngsī, ISBN 957-32-4273-7
Yule, Henry (1915), Cathay and the Way Thither: Being a Collection of Medieval Notices of China, Vol I: Preliminary Essay on the Intercourse Between China and the Western Nations Previous to the Discovery of the Cape Route, Hakluyt Society

Share this article:

This article uses material from the Wikipedia article Timeline_of_the_Song_dynasty, and is written by contributors. Text is available under a CC BY-SA 4.0 International License; additional terms may apply. Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.

[FOOTNOTEXiong2009cxviii-1] [1]
Xiong 2009, p. cxviii.

[FOOTNOTEKuhn2009124-2] [2]
Kuhn 2009, p. 124.

[FOOTNOTENeedham1986h460-3] [3]
Needham 1986h, p. 460.

[FOOTNOTEHerman200739-4] [4]
Herman 2007, p. 39.

[FOOTNOTEHerman200743-5] [5]
Herman 2007, p. 43.

[FOOTNOTETwitchett2009247-6] [6]
Twitchett 2009, p. 247.

[FOOTNOTELiang2006-7] [7]
Liang 2006.

[Songshi-8] [8]
History of Song, vol. 488

[FOOTNOTENeedham1986h280-9] [9]
Needham 1986h, p. 280.

[zhuang08-10] [10]
"Zhuang 08". mcel.pacificu.edu. Archived from the original on 8 February 2007. Retrieved 30 June 2022.

[FOOTNOTEHerman200740-11] [11]
Herman 2007, p. 40.

[FOOTNOTETwitchett2009228-12] [12]
Twitchett 2009, p. 228.

[FOOTNOTETwitchett2009242-13] [13]
Twitchett 2009, p. 242.

[FOOTNOTEHerman200742-14] [14]
Herman 2007, p. 42.

[FOOTNOTEHobson200452-15] [15]
Hobson 2004, p. 52.

[FOOTNOTETwitchett199486-16] [16]
Twitchett 1994, p. 86.

[FOOTNOTEWalker2012211-212-17] [17]
Walker 2012, p. 211-212.

[FOOTNOTETwitchett2009252-18] [18]
Twitchett 2009, p. 252.

[FOOTNOTEWilkinson2012910-19] [19]
Wilkinson 2012, p. 910.

[FOOTNOTENeedham1986c349-351-20] [20]
Needham 1986c, p. 349-351.

[FOOTNOTETwitchett199499-21] [21]
Twitchett 1994, p. 99.

[FOOTNOTETwitchett2009256-22] [22]
Twitchett 2009, p. 256.

[FOOTNOTEKuhn2009236-23] [23]
Kuhn 2009, p. 236.

[FOOTNOTETwitchett2009257-24] [24]
Twitchett 2009, p. 257.

[FOOTNOTETwitchett2009260-25] [25]
Twitchett 2009, p. 260.

[FOOTNOTETwitchett1994105-26] [26]
Twitchett 1994, p. 105.

[FOOTNOTEAndrade201632-27] [27]
Andrade 2016, p. 32.

[FOOTNOTEHobson200457-28] [28]
Hobson 2004, p. 57.

[FOOTNOTETwitchett2009353-29] [29]
Twitchett 2009, p. 353.

[FOOTNOTETwitchett1994109-110-30] [30]
Twitchett 1994, p. 109-110.

[FOOTNOTEMote2003178-31] [31]
Mote 2003, p. 178.

[FOOTNOTEKuhn2009122-32] [32]
Kuhn 2009, p. 122.

[FOOTNOTETwitchett2009272-33] [33]
Twitchett 2009, p. 272.

[FOOTNOTEKuhn2009218-34] [34]
Kuhn 2009, p. 218.

[FOOTNOTETwitchett2009283-35] [35]
Twitchett 2009, p. 283.

[FOOTNOTEKuhn2009232-36] [36]
Kuhn 2009, p. 232.

[FOOTNOTETwitchett2009279-37] [37]
Twitchett 2009, p. 279.

[FOOTNOTEKuhn2009237-38] [38]
Kuhn 2009, p. 237.

[FOOTNOTENeedham1986c97-39] [39]
Needham 1986c, p. 97.

[FOOTNOTETwitchett2009291-40] [40]
Twitchett 2009, p. 291.

[FOOTNOTETwitchett2009302-41] [41]
Twitchett 2009, p. 302.

[FOOTNOTETwitchett2009296-42] [42]
Twitchett 2009, p. 296.

[FOOTNOTETwitchett2009298-43] [43]
Twitchett 2009, p. 298.

[FOOTNOTETwitchett2009329-44] [44]
Twitchett 2009, p. 329.

[FOOTNOTETwitchett2009305-45] [45]
Twitchett 2009, p. 305.

[FOOTNOTETwitchett2009307-46] [46]
Twitchett 2009, p. 307.

[FOOTNOTETwitchett2009309-47] [47]
Twitchett 2009, p. 309.

[FOOTNOTEWilkinson2012911-48] [48]
Wilkinson 2012, p. 911.

[FOOTNOTETwitchett2009314-49] [49]
Twitchett 2009, p. 314.

[FOOTNOTETwitchett1994122-50] [50]
Twitchett 1994, p. 122.

[FOOTNOTETwitchett2009318-51] [51]
Twitchett 2009, p. 318.

[FOOTNOTEKuhn2009127-52] [52]
Kuhn 2009, p. 127.

[FOOTNOTETwitchett2009315-53] [53]
Twitchett 2009, p. 315.

[FOOTNOTENeedham1986f118-124-54] [54]
Needham 1986f, p. 118-124.

[FOOTNOTEEbrey1999138-55] [55]
Ebrey 1999, p. 138.

[FOOTNOTEAndrade201641-56] [56]
Andrade 2016, p. 41.

[FOOTNOTENeedham1986f154-57] [57]
Needham 1986f, p. 154.

[FOOTNOTENeedham1986g254-58] [58]
Needham 1986g, p. 254.

[FOOTNOTEKuhn2009123-59] [59]
Kuhn 2009, p. 123.

[FOOTNOTETwitchett2009325-60] [60]
Twitchett 2009, p. 325.

[ironpag-61] [61]
"Iron Pagoda". China Culture. Archived from the original on 2007-08-06. Retrieved 2007-09-03.

[FOOTNOTEKnapp2008214-62] [62]
Knapp 2008, p. 214.

[FOOTNOTETwitchett2009335-63] [63]
Twitchett 2009, p. 335.

[FOOTNOTETwitchett2009343-64] [64]
Twitchett 2009, p. 343.

[FOOTNOTETwitchett2009342-65] [65]
Twitchett 2009, p. 342.

[FOOTNOTETwitchett2009344-66] [66]
Twitchett 2009, p. 344.

[FOOTNOTETwitchett2009345-67] [67]
Twitchett 2009, p. 345.

[FOOTNOTETwitchett2009346-68] [68]
Twitchett 2009, p. 346.

[FOOTNOTEKelly20044-69] [69]
Kelly 2004, p. 4.

[FOOTNOTENeedham1986c660-70] [70]
Needham 1986c, p. 660.

[FOOTNOTETwitchett2009469-71] [71]
Twitchett 2009, p. 469.

[FOOTNOTETwitchett2009393-72] [72]
Twitchett 2009, p. 393.

[FOOTNOTEKuhn2009231-73] [73]
Kuhn 2009, p. 231.

[FOOTNOTETwitchett2009586-74] [74]
Twitchett 2009, p. 586.

[FOOTNOTETwitchett2009468-75] [75]
Twitchett 2009, p. 468.

[FOOTNOTETaylor201381-76] [76]
Taylor 2013, p. 81.

[hartwell_54-77] [77]
Hartwell, Robert (March 1966). "Markets, Technology, and the Structure of Enterprise in the Development of the Eleventh-Century Chinese Iron and Steel Industry". The Journal of Economic History. 26 (1): 54. doi:10.1017/S0022050700061842. ISSN 0022-0507. JSTOR 2116001. S2CID 154556274.

[FOOTNOTETaylor201382-78] [78]
Taylor 2013, p. 82.

[FOOTNOTETaylor201384-79] [79]
Taylor 2013, p. 84.

[FOOTNOTEReilly2012145-80] [80]
Reilly 2012, p. 145.

[FOOTNOTEJin2016132-81] [81]
Jin 2016, p. 132.

[FOOTNOTETwitchett2009391-82] [82]
Twitchett 2009, p. 391.

[FOOTNOTEKuhn2009233-83] [83]
Kuhn 2009, p. 233.

[FOOTNOTETwitchett2009477-84] [84]
Twitchett 2009, p. 477.

[FOOTNOTETwitchett2009480-85] [85]
Twitchett 2009, p. 480.

[FOOTNOTETwitchett2009499-86] [86]
Twitchett 2009, p. 499.

[FOOTNOTEKuhn2009217-87] [87]
Kuhn 2009, p. 217.

[FOOTNOTEJin2016136-88] [88]
Jin 2016, p. 136.

[FOOTNOTETaylor201385-89] [89]
Taylor 2013, p. 85.

[FOOTNOTETwitchett2009507-90] [90]
Twitchett 2009, p. 507.

[FOOTNOTENeedham1986b111-91] [91]
Needham 1986b, p. 111.

[FOOTNOTETwitchett2009531-92] [92]
Twitchett 2009, p. 531.

[FOOTNOTETwitchett2009550-93] [93]
Twitchett 2009, p. 550.

[FOOTNOTETwitchett2009551-94] [94]
Twitchett 2009, p. 551.

[FOOTNOTETwitchett2009553-95] [95]
Twitchett 2009, p. 553.

[FOOTNOTEKuhn2009125-96] [96]
Kuhn 2009, p. 125.

[FOOTNOTEPacey19917-97] [97]
Pacey 1991, p. 7.

[FOOTNOTETwitchett2009597-98] [98]
Twitchett 2009, p. 597.

[FOOTNOTETwitchett2009614-99] [99]
Twitchett 2009, p. 614.

[100] [100]
"Han Chinese Footbinding". Textile Research Centre.

[101] [101]
Xu Ji 徐積《詠蔡家婦》：「但知勒四支，不知裹两足。」(translation: "knowing about arranging the four limbs, but not about binding her two feet); Su Shi 蘇軾《菩薩蠻》：「塗香莫惜蓮承步，長愁羅襪凌波去；只見舞回風，都無行處踪。偷穿宮樣穩，並立雙趺困，纖妙說應難，須從掌上看。」

[ebrey_1-102] [102]
Patricia Buckley Ebrey (1 December 1993). The Inner Quarters: Marriage and the Lives of Chinese Women in the Sung Period. University of California Press. pp. 37–39. ISBN 9780520913486.

[FOOTNOTETwitchett1994196-103] [103]
Twitchett 1994, p. 196.

[FOOTNOTETwitchett2009599-104] [104]
Twitchett 2009, p. 599.

[FOOTNOTEKuhn2009128-105] [105]
Kuhn 2009, p. 128.

[FOOTNOTETwitchett2009598-106] [106]
Twitchett 2009, p. 598.

[FOOTNOTETsien198597-107] [107]
Tsien 1985, p. 97.

[FOOTNOTETwitchett2009610-108] [108]
Twitchett 2009, p. 610.

[FOOTNOTEKelly20042-109] [109]
Kelly 2004, p. 2.

[FOOTNOTENeedham1986g279-110] [110]
Needham 1986g, p. 279.

[FOOTNOTETwitchett2009603-111] [111]
Twitchett 2009, p. 603.

[FOOTNOTETwitchett2009628-112] [112]
Twitchett 2009, p. 628.

[FOOTNOTETwitchett2009626-113] [113]
Twitchett 2009, p. 626.

[FOOTNOTETwitchett2009605-114] [114]
Twitchett 2009, p. 605.

[FOOTNOTETwitchett2009627-115] [115]
Twitchett 2009, p. 627.

[FOOTNOTETwitchett1994149-116] [116]
Twitchett 1994, p. 149.

[FOOTNOTETwitchett1994227-117] [117]
Twitchett 1994, p. 227.

[FOOTNOTETwitchett1994151-118] [118]
Twitchett 1994, p. 151.

[FOOTNOTETwitchett2009637-119] [119]
Twitchett 2009, p. 637.

[FOOTNOTEAndrade201634-120] [120]
Andrade 2016, p. 34.

[FOOTNOTELorge200553-121] [121]
Lorge 2005, p. 53.

[FOOTNOTEAndrade201634-35-122] [122]
Andrade 2016, p. 34-35.

[FOOTNOTETwitchett2009643-123] [123]
Twitchett 2009, p. 643.

[FOOTNOTETwitchett1994229-124] [124]
Twitchett 1994, p. 229.

[FOOTNOTELu1988-125] [125]
Lu 1988.

[FOOTNOTETwitchett1994230-126] [126]
Twitchett 1994, p. 230.

[FOOTNOTEAndrade201638-127] [127]
Andrade 2016, p. 38.

[FOOTNOTETwitchett2009655-128] [128]
Twitchett 2009, p. 655.

[FOOTNOTETwitchett2009665-129] [129]
Twitchett 2009, p. 665.

[FOOTNOTEAndrade2016153-154-130] [130]
Andrade 2016, p. 153-154.

[FOOTNOTETwitchett2009666-131] [131]
Twitchett 2009, p. 666.

[FOOTNOTENeedham1986c476-132] [132]
Needham 1986c, p. 476.

[FOOTNOTENeedham1986f222-133] [133]
Needham 1986f, p. 222.

[FOOTNOTEChase200331-134] [134]
Chase 2003, p. 31.

[FOOTNOTELorge200833-34-135] [135]
Lorge 2008, p. 33-34.

[FOOTNOTEAndrade201640-136] [136]
Andrade 2016, p. 40.

[FOOTNOTETwitchett2009674-137] [137]
Twitchett 2009, p. 674.

[FOOTNOTETwitchett1994232-138] [138]
Twitchett 1994, p. 232.

[FOOTNOTETwitchett2009676-139] [139]
Twitchett 2009, p. 676.

[FOOTNOTETwitchett2009682-140] [140]
Twitchett 2009, p. 682.

[FOOTNOTEMote2003303-141] [141]
Mote 2003, p. 303.

[FOOTNOTETwitchett2009684-142] [142]
Twitchett 2009, p. 684.

[FOOTNOTETwitchett2009686-143] [143]
Twitchett 2009, p. 686.

[FOOTNOTEBeckwith2009175-144] [144]
Beckwith 2009, p. 175.

[FOOTNOTETwitchett2009700-145] [145]
Twitchett 2009, p. 700.

[FOOTNOTEKnapp2008244-146] [146]
Knapp 2008, p. 244.

[FOOTNOTEKnapp2008215-147] [147]
Knapp 2008, p. 215.

[FOOTNOTETwitchett2009749-148] [148]
Twitchett 2009, p. 749.

[FOOTNOTETwitchett2009706-149] [149]
Twitchett 2009, p. 706.

[FOOTNOTEAndrade201639-150] [150]
Andrade 2016, p. 39.

[FOOTNOTETwitchett2009708-151] [151]
Twitchett 2009, p. 708.

[FOOTNOTETwitchett2009717-152] [152]
Twitchett 2009, p. 717.

[FOOTNOTETwitchett1994244-153] [153]
Twitchett 1994, p. 244.

[FOOTNOTERubinstein199986-154] [154]
Rubinstein 1999, p. 86.

[FOOTNOTEKnapp19806-155] [155]
Knapp 1980, p. 6.

[FOOTNOTEChia2011241-156] [156]
Chia 2011, p. 241.

[FOOTNOTETwitchett2009752-157] [157]
Twitchett 2009, p. 752.

[FOOTNOTETwitchett2009753-158] [158]
Twitchett 2009, p. 753.

[FOOTNOTETwitchett2009754-159] [159]
Twitchett 2009, p. 754.

[FOOTNOTETwitchett2009760-160] [160]
Twitchett 2009, p. 760.

[FOOTNOTETwitchett2009768-161] [161]
Twitchett 2009, p. 768.

[FOOTNOTETwitchett2009772-773-162] [162]
Twitchett 2009, p. 772-773.

[FOOTNOTETwitchett2009833-163] [163]
Twitchett 2009, p. 833.

[FOOTNOTENeedham1986b103-164] [164]
Needham 1986b, p. 103.

[FOOTNOTETwitchett2009787-165] [165]
Twitchett 2009, p. 787.

[FOOTNOTETwitchett2009786-166] [166]
Twitchett 2009, p. 786.

[FOOTNOTETwitchett2009790-167] [167]
Twitchett 2009, p. 790.

[FOOTNOTETwitchett1994247-168] [168]
Twitchett 1994, p. 247.

[FOOTNOTETwitchett1994343-169] [169]
Twitchett 1994, p. 343.

[FOOTNOTETwitchett1994248-170] [170]
Twitchett 1994, p. 248.

[FOOTNOTETwitchett1994249-171] [171]
Twitchett 1994, p. 249.

[FOOTNOTETwitchett2009831-172] [172]
Twitchett 2009, p. 831.

[FOOTNOTETwitchett2009830-173] [173]
Twitchett 2009, p. 830.

[FOOTNOTENeedham1986b50-174] [174]
Needham 1986b, p. 50.

[FOOTNOTETwitchett2009822-175] [175]
Twitchett 2009, p. 822.

[FOOTNOTETwitchett1994259-176] [176]
Twitchett 1994, p. 259.

[FOOTNOTETwitchett2009827-177] [177]
Twitchett 2009, p. 827.

[FOOTNOTETwitchett2009832-178] [178]
Twitchett 2009, p. 832.

[FOOTNOTETwitchett2009829-179] [179]
Twitchett 2009, p. 829.

[FOOTNOTEAndrade201642-180] [180]
Andrade 2016, p. 42.

[FOOTNOTETwitchett2009836-181] [181]
Twitchett 2009, p. 836.

[FOOTNOTETwitchett1994261-182] [182]
Twitchett 1994, p. 261.

[FOOTNOTETwitchett2009849-183] [183]
Twitchett 2009, p. 849.

[FOOTNOTETwitchett1994213-184] [184]
Twitchett 1994, p. 213.

[FOOTNOTENeedham1986f230-185] [185]
Needham 1986f, p. 230.

[FOOTNOTETwitchett2009852-186] [186]
Twitchett 2009, p. 852.

[FOOTNOTETwitchett2009906-187] [187]
Twitchett 2009, p. 906.

[FOOTNOTETwitchett2009856-188] [188]
Twitchett 2009, p. 856.

[FOOTNOTETwitchett1994264-189] [189]
Twitchett 1994, p. 264.

[FOOTNOTETwitchett200982-190] [190]
Twitchett 2009, p. 82.

[FOOTNOTETwitchett2009864-191] [191]
Twitchett 2009, p. 864.

[FOOTNOTEAndrade201647-192] [192]
Andrade 2016, p. 47.

[FOOTNOTETwitchett2009865-193] [193]
Twitchett 2009, p. 865.

[FOOTNOTETwitchett2009867-194] [194]
Twitchett 2009, p. 867.

[FOOTNOTETwitchett1994383-195] [195]
Twitchett 1994, p. 383.

[FOOTNOTENeedham1986f511-196] [196]
Needham 1986f, p. 511.

[FOOTNOTETwitchett2009908-197] [197]
Twitchett 2009, p. 908.

[FOOTNOTEKuhn2009241-198] [198]
Kuhn 2009, p. 241.

[199] [199]
"Qin Jiushao". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 4 September 2017.

[200] [200]
"10 MAJOR ACHIEVEMENTS OF SONG DYNASTY OF CHINA". learnodo-newtonic. Retrieved 4 September 2017.

[FOOTNOTETwitchett1994405-201] [201]
Twitchett 1994, p. 405.

[FOOTNOTETwitchett1994410-202] [202]
Twitchett 1994, p. 410.

[FOOTNOTETwitchett1994409-203] [203]
Twitchett 1994, p. 409.

[FOOTNOTEKnapp2008176-204] [204]
Knapp 2008, p. 176.

[FOOTNOTEAndrade201651-205] [205]
Andrade 2016, p. 51.

[FOOTNOTEPartington1960246-206] [206]
Partington 1960, p. 246.

[FOOTNOTETwitchett2009869-207] [207]
Twitchett 2009, p. 869.

[FOOTNOTETwitchett2009870-208] [208]
Twitchett 2009, p. 870.

[FOOTNOTETwitchett2009410-209] [209]
Twitchett 2009, p. 410.

[FOOTNOTETwitchett1994411-210] [210]
Twitchett 1994, p. 411.

[FOOTNOTETwitchett1994422-423-211] [211]
Twitchett 1994, p. 422-423.

[FOOTNOTENeedham1986f173-174-212] [212]
Needham 1986f, p. 173-174.

[FOOTNOTETwitchett1994423-213] [213]
Twitchett 1994, p. 423.

[FOOTNOTETwitchett1994431-214] [214]
Twitchett 1994, p. 431.

[FOOTNOTETwitchett1994426-215] [215]
Twitchett 1994, p. 426.

[FOOTNOTETwitchett1994257-216] [216]
Twitchett 1994, p. 257.

[FOOTNOTETwitchett2009912-217] [217]
Twitchett 2009, p. 912.

[FOOTNOTENeedham1986f509-218] [218]
Needham 1986f, p. 509.

[FOOTNOTETwitchett2009922-219] [219]
Twitchett 2009, p. 922.

[FOOTNOTETwitchett1994458-220] [220]
Twitchett 1994, p. 458.

[FOOTNOTEAndrade2008f-221] [221]
Andrade 2008f.

[FOOTNOTENeedham1986f227-222] [222]
Needham 1986f, p. 227.

[FOOTNOTETwitchett2009923-223] [223]
Twitchett 2009, p. 923.

[FOOTNOTETwitchett2009928-224] [224]
Twitchett 2009, p. 928.

[FOOTNOTETwitchett1994434-225] [225]
Twitchett 1994, p. 434.

[FOOTNOTETwitchett2009932-226] [226]
Twitchett 2009, p. 932.

[FOOTNOTETwitchett2009942-945-227] [227]
Twitchett 2009, p. 942-945.

[FOOTNOTETwitchett1994435-228] [228]
Twitchett 1994, p. 435.

[FOOTNOTETwitchett2009948-229] [229]
Twitchett 2009, p. 948.

[FOOTNOTENeedham1986f228-230] [230]
Needham 1986f, p. 228.

[FOOTNOTEAndrade201650-51-231] [231]
Andrade 2016, p. 50-51.

[FOOTNOTEPartington1960250,_244,_149-232] [232]
Partington 1960, p. 250, 244, 149.

[FOOTNOTETwitchett2009952-233] [233]
Twitchett 2009, p. 952.

[FOOTNOTETwitchett2009956-234] [234]
Twitchett 2009, p. 956.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

[27]

[28]

[29]

[30]

[31]

[32]

[33]

[34]

[35]

[36]

[37]

[38]

[39]

[40]

[41]

[42]

[43]

[44]

[45]

[46]

[47]

[48]

[49]

[50]

[51]

[52]

[53]

[54]

[55]

[56]

[57]

[58]

[59]

[60]

[61]

[62]

[63]

[64]

[65]

[66]

[67]

[68]

[69]

[70]

[71]

[72]

[73]

[74]

[75]

[76]

[77]

[78]

[79]

[80]

[81]

[82]

[83]

[84]

[85]

[86]

[87]

[88]

[89]

[90]

[91]

[92]

[93]

[94]

[95]

[96]

[97]

[98]

[99]

[100]

Year	Date	Event
960	February	Zhao Kuangyin declares himself Emperor Taizu of Song, replacing Later Zhou^[1]
963		Song conquers Jingnan^[1]
963		Song dynasty introduces the appointment by protection system, which allows high officials to nominate their sons, grandsons, and nephews for the civil service^[2]
965		Song conquest of Later Shu: Song conquers Later Shu^[1]
965		Tao Gu provides the first written documentation of using cormorants for fishing^[3]
967		Long Yanyao of Nanning, the Yang clan of Bo Prefecture, and the Tian clan of Si Prefecture submit to the Song dynasty in return for their autonomy^[4]
967		Song dynasty recognizes the Bole of the Luodian kingdom, the Mangbu of the Badedian kingdom, and the Awangren of the Yushi kingdom^[5]
968		Vietnamese king Đinh Bộ Lĩnh of the Đinh dynasty unites the kingdom and renames it to Đại Cồ Việt^[6]
969		Gunpowder propelled fire arrows, rocket arrows, are invented by Yue Yifang and Feng Jisheng.^[7]

Year	Date	Event
971		Song conquest of Southern Han: Song conquers Southern Han - marks the last time elephants are used in Chinese warfare^[1]
972		Emperor Taizu of Song recognized the independence of Vietnamese kingdom Đại Cồ Việt with establishing the nominate tributary relation^[8]
974		The earliest natural history of pharmaceuticals, the Kaibao Bencao, is printed^[9]
974		The Mo clan of Nandan submits to Song authority^[10]
975		Song conquest of Southern Tang: Song conquers Southern Tang^[1]
975		Emperor Taizu of Song tries to convince Pugui of the Mu'ege Kingdom situated in northwest, central, east, and southeast Guizhou to acquiesce to Song overlordship^[11]
976	14 November	Emperor Taizu of Song dies and his brother Zhao Guangyi succeeds him as Emperor Taizong of Song^[12]^[13]
976		Song dynasty and aboriginal allies in Guizhou attack the Mu'ege Kingdom, forcing them to retreat to Dafang County^[14]
977		The price ratio of iron to rice reaches 632:100^[15]
978		Song conquers Wuyue^[1]
979		Song conquest of Northern Han: Song conquers Northern Han^[1]
979		Battle of Gaoliang River: Song dynasty invades Liao dynasty and is defeated^[16]

Year	Date	Event
980		Emperor Jingzong of Liao invades the Song dynasty and retakes territory in Hebei^[16]
980		Long Yanyao's grandson Long Qiongju presents tribute to the Emperor Taizong of Song^[4]
981		Battle of Bạch Đằng (981): Song dynasty invades Đại Cồ Việt (Early Lê dynasty) with initial success but is ambushed and the campaign ends with Lê Hoàn accepting Song suzerainty^[17]
982		Jiqian's rebellion: Li Jipeng of the Dingnan Jiedushi surrenders to the Song, but his cousin Li Jiqian rebels^[18]
983		The complete 130,000 block print edition of the Tripiṭaka Buddhist Canon (Kaibao zangshu 開寶藏書) is finished^[19]
984		Qiao Weiyue invents the pound lock^[20]
986		Song dynasty attacks the Khitans but is defeated^[21]

Year	Date	Event
993		A drought hits Sichuan and peasant rebellions break out^[22]
994		Jiqian's rebellion: Song dynasty deposes Li Jiqian^[18]
994		Earliest record of promissory note^[23]
995		Rebellions in Sichuan are suppressed^[24]
995		Long Hanyao of Nanning presents tribute to the Song court^[4]
996		Jiqian's rebellion: Li Jiqian rebels with Tanguts and raids Song supplies^[18]
997	9 May	Emperor Taizong of Song dies and his son Zhao Heng becomes Emperor Zhenzong of Song^[25]
998		Khitans invade the Song dynasty^[26]
		Jiqian's rebellion: Song dynasty legitimizes Li Jiqian as governor of Dingnan Jiedushi^[18]
		Long Hanyao of Nanning presents tribute to the Song court^[4]

Year	Date	Event
1000		Khitan forces retreat from the Song dynasty after failing to take key cities^[26]
		Zhuang rebels attack Yongzhou but the attack is defeated by Zhuang troops of the Song-allied Huang clan^[10]
		Tang Fu demonstrates gunpowder pots and caltrops to the Song court and is rewarded.^[27]
		Chinese discover that magnetic north and true north are not the same^[28]
1001		Tanguts capture Ordos^[29]
		Khitans attack the Song dynasty but are repulsed^[26]
		Zhuang rebels calling themselves the Troops of Chen (chenbing) rebel in Yizhou. Their leader, Su Chengzhun, is defeated three months later.^[10]
1002		Shi Pu demonstrates fireballs utilizing gunpowder to the Song court and blueprints are created for promulgation throughout the realm.^[27]
1003		Khitans invade the Song dynasty and retreat without making permanent gains^[26]
1004		Emperor Shengzong of Liao conducts a full-scale invasion of the Song dynasty which ends in stalemate^[30]
1004		A banquet is held for a Nong chieftain in Song territory, leading to military retaliation from Đại Cồ Việt^[10]
1005	January	Chanyuan Treaty: The Song dynasty agrees to pay the Khitans an annual tribute of silk and silver^[31]
1009		Emperor Zhenzong of Song introduces quotas on degrees awarded^[32]
1009		Song dynasty modifies the appointment by protection system by requiring candidates to study at the Directorate of Education and sit the examination, which passes at least 50 percent of them^[2]

Year	Date	Event
1010		Tanguts request famine relief from the Song^[33]
1012		Song court sponsors the propagation of the early maturing Champa rice, allowing rice to be harvested twice a year^[34]
1014		King Lý Thái Tổ of the Lý dynasty that ruled Đại Việt sends 100 Dali horses to Song court as gifts^[8]
1016		Locusts plague the Song capital of Kaifeng^[33]
1017		Đại Cồ Việt raids the Song dynasty^[10]
1018		Yellow River dikes collapse^[35]

Year	Date	Event
1021		Agricultural land reaches 13 percent of Song state territory^[36]
1022	23 March	Emperor Zhenzong of Song dies and his son succeeds him as Emperor Renzong of Song; Empress Liu becomes regent^[37]
1023		Song dynasty establishes a Bureau for Exchange Bills in Chengdu after craftsmen, artisans, and farmers reject the replacement of the smaller copper coins with heavy iron coins^[23]
1023		Song dynasty starts circulating exchange bills, each worth 1,256,340 strings of cash per 3-year circulation period^[38]
1024		Earliest known extant printing block for paper money, the jiaozi^[39]
1026		Torrential rains damage the Yellow River dikes and cause widespread flooding in the Song capital of Kaifeng^[35]
1027		Repairs on the Yellow River dikes are finished^[35]

Year	Date	Event
1033		Empress Liu's regency ends as she dies^[37]
1033		Drought hits northern China^[40]
1034		Li Yuanhao of the Tanguts raids Song dynasty^[41]
1036		Unprecedented spread of literati culture throughout society compels the Song court to promulgate sumptuary regulations for citizens of Kaifeng^[42]
		Song civil service doubles in size^[42]
		All officials, their sons and grandsons, are relieved from obligations to serve as village officers^[42]
		Đại Cồ Việt raids the Song dynasty^[10]
1037		Earthquake kills 12,000 people, injures 5,600, and kills or injures 50,000 cattle around Kaifeng^[43]
1038	10 November	Li Yuanhao declares himself Emperor Jingzong of Western Xia^[41]
1038		The Meng clan (Zhuang people) in Yizhou of Guangnan West Circuit rebels and is suppressed^[44]
1039		Western Xia attacks Song dynasty but is repulsed^[45]
1039		Famine strikes north China^[46]

Year	Date	Event
1040		Song-Xia War (1040–1044): Western Xia invades Song dynasty^[46]
1041		Song-Xia War (1040–1044): Western Xia defeats a Song army and kills 6,000^[47]
1041		Movable type is invented by Bi Sheng^[48]
1042		Song-Xia War (1040–1044): Western Xia conducts a full-scale invasion of the Song dynasty but is repelled^[49]
		Song-Xia War (1040–1044): Khitans force the Song dynasty to increase annual tribute to 200,000 taels of silver and 300,000 bolts of silk^[50]
		Song dynasty appoints Degai of the Mu'ege Kingdom as regional inspector^[14]
1043		The Yao people of Guiyang rebel^[44]
		Emperor Renzong of Song enacts the Confucian Qingli Reforms and schools are established at prefectures with sufficient number of students^[51]
		The School of Four Gates opens - it provides students with a 500-day education, stipends, meals, a place in the dormitory, and exemption from the prefectural examinations^[52]
1044		Song-Xia War (1040–1044): Western Xia and Song dynasty cease hostilities^[53]
		Ou Xifan of the Ou clan rebels to the northwest of Yizhou in Guangnan West Circuit. Ou Xifan declares the Great Tang and wages war on the Song. He is caught a year later and executed by vivisection.^[10]^[44]
		Rebellions break out in Sichuan^[44]
		The chemical formula for gunpowder appears in the military manual Wujing Zongyao, also known as the Complete Essentials for the Military Classics.^[54]^[55]
		"Thunderclap bombs" are mentioned in the Wujing Zongyao.^[56]
		A "triple-bed-crossbow" firing fire arrows is mentioned in the Wujing Zongyao.^[57]
		Earliest recorded use of the compass for navigation^[58]
1046		Proportion of jinshi degree holders in the Song dynasty bureaucracy reach a third of all total bureaucratic positions^[59]
1047		Drought hits northern China^[60]
1048		Wang Ze rebels in Hebei and is suppressed^[60]
1049		Nong Zhigao of the Zhuang people rebels in Guangnan West Circuit^[44]
		Rebellions in Sichuan are suppressed^[44]
		The Iron Pagoda is completed^[61]

Year	Date	Event
1051		The Yao rebellion of Guiyang is suppressed^[44]
1053		Nong Zhigao's rebellion is suppressed^[44]
1055		Peng Shixi rebels in Jinghu^[44]
1056		Heavy rains overload the Yellow River, causing widespread flooding and a major shift in the river's course^[60]
1058		Rebellion breaks out in Yongzhou^[44]
1058		Peng Shixi's rebellion is suppressed^[44]
1059		The Luoyang Bridge (Quanzhou) is completed^[62]

Year	Date	Event
1061		The rebellion in Yongzhou is suppressed^[44]
1063	30 April	Emperor Renzong of Song dies and his cousin Zhao Zongshi succeeds him as Emperor Yingzong of Song^[63]
1064		Yizong raids: Western Xia raids Song dynasty^[64]
1065	fall	Kaifeng experiences massive floods^[65]
1066		Yizong raids: Western Xia raids Song dynasty^[66]
1066		The Song court starts holding jinshi examinations triennially, a decision that would endure until 1905^[67]
1067	25 January	Emperor Yingzong of Song dies and his son Zhao Xu succeeds him as Emperor Shenzong of Song^[68]
1067		Private trade of gunpowder ingredients is banned in the Song dynasty.^[69]
1068		Enrollment in the School of Four Gates reaches 900^[52]
1068		Huang Huaixin starts planning the construction of dry docks^[70]

Year	Date	Event
1070		Western Xia attacks the Song dynasty^[71]
		The Song court carries out water-control and land reclamation projects which reclaim 38,829,799 acres of agricultural land^[72]
		Annual copper production in the Song dynasty reaches 12,982 tons, more than the total global production in 1800^[73]
		The first jinshi imperial examinations to emphasize statecraft over poetry are held^[74]
1072		Song dynasty starts colonizing the Qinghai region, taking control of Wushengjun^[75]
1075		Lý–Song War: Lý Thường Kiệt and Nùng Tông Đán of the Lý dynasty that ruled Đại Việt invade the Song dynasty, capturing Qinzhou, Lianzhou, and destroying Yongzhou before retreating^[75]^[76]
1075		Shen Kuo describes the process of making steel using repeated forging under a cold blast for "partial decarbonization", considered by some historians to be a direct predecessor of the Bessemer process^[77]
1076	autumn	Lý–Song War: Guo Kui of the Song dynasty invades Đại Việt (Lý dynasty) and pushes to the Cầu River, where the war reaches a stalemate^[78]
1076		Trade of gunpowder ingredients with the Liao and Western Xia dynasties is outlawed by the Song court^[27]
1077		Lý–Song War: Đại Việt (Lý dynasty) becomes a Song tributary in return for the withdraw of Song troops^[75]^[79]
1078		Annual iron production in the Song dynasty reaches 125,000 tons and becomes the largest iron industry in the world, an achievement that lasts until 1796 during the industrial revolution in England and Wales;^[80]^[81] per capita iron production reaches 3.1 pound, the world's highest per capita iron production until 1700 in Western Europe^[81]
1079		Lý–Song War: Song dynasty gives up claims to Cao Bằng and Lạng Sơn in return for Song captives^[79]

Year	Date	Event
1080		Number of qualified officials reach 34,000^[82]
		Mints in the Song dynasty reach annual production of 5,000,000 strings of copper cash and 800,000 strings of iron coins^[83]
		The Price ratio of iron to rice falls to 177:100 in Sichuan and 135:100 in Shanxi^[15]
1081		Song-Xia War (1081–1085): Song dynasty invades Western Xia with initial success, but the odd failure to bring siege weapons and extreme supply problems cause widespread mutiny and the invasion turns into a massive rout^[84]
1083		Three hundred thousand fire arrows are produced by the Song court and delivered to two garrisons.^[27]
1085	1 April	Emperor Shenzong of Song dies and his son Zhao Xu succeeds him as Emperor Zhezong of Song; Empress Gao becomes regent^[85]
		Drought hits the Kaifeng region^[86]
		Annual grain harvest reaches 18,700,000 tons^[87]
1086		Su Song invents the astronomical clock^[88]
1088		Song and the Lý of Đại Việt finalize their border agreement, which with minor changes throughout the centuries, is basically the same as the modern China–Vietnam border^[89]
1089		Song and Western Xia conclude a peace treaty^[90]

Year	Date	Event
1092		Earliest known extant depiction of an endless power-transmitting chain drive^[91]
1093		Emperess Gao's regency ends as she dies^[92]
1097		Advance and fortify: Song dynasty conducts an advance and fortify campaign against the Western Xia^[93]
1098		Advance and fortify: Western Xia retaliates against Song incursions but fails to defeat Song fortifications^[94]
1099		Advance and fortify: Western Xia sues for peace^[94]

Year	Date	Event
1100	23 February	Emperor Zhezong of Song dies and his brother Zhao Ji succeeds him as Emperor Huizong of Song^[95]
		Total population employed in the Song bureaucracy reaches 0.02 percent^[96]
		Coke (fuel) replaces charcoal in iron smelting^[97]
1102		The Song court mandates the construction of Security and Relief clinics in every prefecture^[98]
1102		Cai Jing suggests that the best graduates of the Taixue should be selected for appointment without having to take the imperial examinations and that the examinations themselves should be replaced by a reformed education system; his ideas are ultimately rejected^[52]
1103		Song occupation of Tsongkha: Song dynasty invades Tsongkha and Western Xia^[99]
		Public pharmacies are extended from Kaifeng to the circuits^[98]
		Earliest recorded references to foot binding^[100]^[101]^[102]
1104		Song occupation of Tsongkha: Song annexes Tsongkha^[103]
		Song court mandates public cemeteries for the destitute^[104]
		The Taixue allows enrollment from poor families for an admission fee of 2,000 cash, roughly 4 months of income for a low wage farmer, or 15 percent of monthly salary for a low official^[105]
1105		Reports of embezzlement relating to the public welfare initiatives start rolling in^[106]
1106		Song occupation of Tsongkha: Song dynasty and Western Xia end hostilities and the war ends inconclusively^[99]
1106		Graduates of the prefectural examinations are reduced to 3% of candidates^[32]
1107		Song dynasty starts issuing a new note called a 'money voucher' (qianyin)^[107]
1107		Song dynasty mandates the superiority of the Taoist clergy in rank and honors to their Buddhist counterparts^[108]
1108		Song dynasty sets an annual recruitment quota of 70 Taoist priests for the imperial examinations^[108]

Year	Date	Event
1170		The Song dynasty stations officers at the Penghu Islands^[154]
1171		Chinese fishermen settle on the Penghu Islands^[155]
1175		More huizi are issued to meet demand^[148]

Year	Date	Event
1190		Casual references to foot binding become more common; foot binding is no longer associated with dancing nor is the practice confined to entertainers^[102]
1191		Emperor Guangzong of Song withdraws from the court^[160]
1194	28 June	Emperor Xiaozong of Song dies^[161]
1194	24 July	Emperor Guangzong of Song is forced to abdicate and his son Zhao Kuo succeeds him as Emperor Ningzong of Song^[162]
1195		Rebellion breaks out in Sichuan^[163]
1195		Earliest known extant depiction of a fishing reel^[164]
1198		Song court bans Neo-Confucianism^[165]

Year	Date	Event
1200	17 September	Emperor Guangzong of Song dies^[166]
1202		Ban on Neo-Confucianism ends^[167]
1204		Song forces start showing military aggression along the Jin border^[168]
1206	spring	Kokochu, also known as Teb Tengri, chief shaman of the Mongols, bestows upon Temüjin the title of Genghis Khan, "Oceanic Ruler" of the Mongol Empire, at the kurultai of Burkhan Khaldun, sacred mountain of the Mongols^[169]
	20 June	Song dynasty declares war on Jin dynasty^[168]
	December	The governor-general of Sichuan, Wu Xi, defects to the Jin dynasty^[170]
1207	29 March	Song loyalists kill Wu Xi^[170]
		Thunderclap bombs are employed by Song forces in a sneak attack on a Jin camp, killing 2000 men and 800 horses.^[56]
	April	Song and Jin enter a stalemate^[170]
1208	2 November	Song and Jin agree to a peace renewing the Song's tributary relationship with the Jin^[171]
		Yao people rebel in Jinghu and are suppressed^[172]
		Rebellion breaks out in Sichuan^[163]
		Massive fires erupt in Lin'an^[173]
		Drought and locusts hits Zhejiang^[173]
1209		Locusts plague Zhejiang^[173]

Year	Date	Event
1210		Rebellion breaks out in Jinghu and is suppressed^[172]
		Earliest known depiction of a trip hammer^[174]
		Floodwaters and locusts hit Zhejiang^[173]
1211		Massive fires erupt in Lin'an^[173]
1211		Rebellion breaks out in Sichuan^[163]
1212		Floodwaters hit Zhejiang^[173]
1213		Rebellion breaks out in Sichuan^[163]
1213		Floodwaters hit Zhejiang^[173]
1214		Jin dynasty raids Song dynasty^[175]
1214		Drought hits Zhejiang^[173]
1215		Drought and locusts hit Zhejiang^[173]
1216		Earthquakes hit Sichuan^[173]
1217	spring	Jin dynasty invades Song dynasty but is repelled^[176]
		Rebellion breaks out in Sichuan^[163]
		Floodwaters hit Zhejiang^[173]
1219		Jin dynasty invades Song dynasty but is repelled^[177]
1219		Rebellion breaks out in Sichuan and is suppressed^[178]

Year	Date	Event
1110		The Song army puts on a firework display for the emperor including a spectacle which opened with "a noise like thunder" and explosives that light up the night. Considered by some to be the first mention of gunpowder fireworks.^[109]
1111		Earliest recorded use of the compass for maritime navigation^[110]
1113		Song-Xia War (1113–1119): Song dynasty invades Western Xia^[99]
1114		The Palace of Extended Blessings (Yanfu Gong), a park-like compound extending the palace precincts to the north, is constructed^[111]
1115	28 January	Wanyan Aguda declares himself Emperor Taizu of Jin^[112]
1119		Song-Xia War (1113–1119): The war between Song dynasty and Western Xia ends inconclusively^[99]
1119		Song Jiang rebels in Jingdong Circuit^[113]

Year	Date	Event
1120		Fang La rebels in Liangzhe Circuit and is suppressed^[114]
1120		Song court announces cutbacks to public welfare^[104]
1121		Song Jiang's rebellion in Jingdong Circuit is suppressed^[115]
1123		Song dynasty attacks the Liao dynasty but is repelled^[116]
1123		Zhang Jue rebels in Ping Prefecture and defects to the Song dynasty but the Jin dynasty immediately retaliates and crushes his army; Zhang Jue is executed by the Song as reconciliation towards the Jin^[117]
1125	26 March	Emperor Tianzuo of Liao is captured by the Jin dynasty; so ends the Liao dynasty^[118]
1125	November	Jin dynasty invades the Song dynasty and occupies Shanxi and Hebei^[117]
1126	18 January	Emperor Huizong of Song abdicates to his son Zhao Huan, who succeeds him as Emperor Qinzong of Song^[119]
	31 January	Jingkang Incident: Thunderclap bomb as well as fire arrows and fire bombs are used by Song troops during the siege of Kaifeng by the Jin dynasty (1115–1234).^[120]
	5 March	Jin army retreats from Kaifeng after the Song dynasty promises to pay an annual indemnity^[121]
	June	Jin dynasty defeats two Song armies^[121]
	December	Jin army returns with fire arrows and gunpowder bombs and lays siege to Kaifeng^[121]^[122]
1127	12 June	Emperor Qinzong of Song's brother Zhao Gou is declared Emperor Gaozong of Song and the capital is moved to Lin'an^[123]
1127	December	Jingkang Incident: Kaifeng falls to the Jin dynasty and emperors Qinzong and Huizong are captured; territory north of the Huai River is annexed by the Jin^[124] - earliest recorded use of "molten metal bombs", suspected to contain gunpowder^[122]
1128		The earliest extant depiction of a cannon appears among the Dazu Rock Carvings, one of which is a human figure holding a gourd shaped hand cannon.^[125]
1129		Former Song official Liu Yu is enthroned as emperor of the Jin puppet state of Qi^[126]
1129		Gunpowder weapons are applied to naval warfare as Song warships are outfitted with trebuchets and supplies of gunpowder bombs.^[127]

Year	Date	Event
1130		Battle of Huangtiandang: Jin forces are ambushed and stopped at the Yangtze for some time before making the crossing^[128]
1130		Zhong Xiang rebels in Hunan^[129]
1131		Jin dynasty invades Shaanxi but is repelled, in particular by a volley fire tactic implemented by general Wu Jie (吳玠) and his younger brother Wu Lin (吳璘)^[130]
		Li Cheng rebels in Huainan and is suppressed^[131]
		The Song dynasty establishes China's first standing navy^[132]
1132		Siege of De'an: Fire lances are used by Song troops to repel Jin invaders^[133]^[134]^[135]
		Gunpowder is referred to specifically for its military applications for the first time and is known as "fire bomb medicine" rather than "fire medicine".^[127]
		Firecrackers using gunpowder are mentioned for the first time.^[136]
1133		Jin puppet state Qi invades Song dynasty but is repelled by Yue Fei^[137]
1133		Ayong of the Mu'ege Kingdom leads a large trade delegation of several thousand to the Song city of Luzhou in Sichuan^[5]
1135	4 June	Emperor Huizong of Song dies^[123]
		Jin puppet state Qi captures Xiangyang^[138]
		Yue Fei of the Song dynasty retaliates and recaptures much of the lost territory^[138]
		The rebellion in Hunan is suppressed^[129]
1136		Jin puppet state Qi invades the Song dynasty but is repelled^[139]

Year	Date	Event
1140		Jin dynasty invades Song dynasty^[140]
1140		Battle of Yancheng: Yue Fei launches a successful attack against the Jin and makes considerable territorial gains, but is forced to withdraw by Emperor Gaozong of Song^[141]
1141		Yue Fei is arrested^[142]
1142	27 January	Yue Fei is executed^[143]
1142	October	Song and Jin agree to the Treaty of Shaoxing which stipulates that the Song must pay Jin an annual indemnity; the Huai River is settled as the boundary between the two states^[144]^[141]
1143		Buddhist monks in the Song dynasty surge to 200,000 and become the largest class of land owners^[145]
1145		The Dongguan Bridge is constructed in Yongchun County, Fujian Province^[146]

Year	Date	Event
1150		Annual registration for prefectural examinations reaches 100,000 applicants^[32]
1151		The Anping Bridge is completed^[147]

Year	Date	Event
1160		Song dynasty starts issuing huizi, their official paper currency^[148]
1161	14 June	Emperor Qinzong of Song dies^[123]
	28 October	Jin dynasty invades Song dynasty^[149]
	16 November	Battle of Tangdao: Fire arrows are employed by a Song fleet in sinking a Jin fleet off the shore of Shandong peninsula.^[150]
	26–27 November	Battle of Caishi: Thunderclap bombs are employed by Song treadmill boats in sinking a Jin fleet on the Yangtze.^[150]
1162	24 July	Emperor Gaozong of Song abdicates to his adopted son Zhao Bocong who becomes Emperor Xiaozong of Song^[151]
1162		Copper production in the Song dynasty suffers a complete breakdown and falls to 157 tons per year^[73]
1163	summer	Song dynasty invades Jin dynasty but is defeated^[152]
1163		Fire lances are attached to war carts, known as "at-your-desire-war-carts", for defending Song mobile trebuchets.^[127]
1165		Song and Jin conclude a peace treaty reducing Song tribute and returning borders to the Huai River^[153]
1167		Song dynasty releases 2 million taels to exchange for huizi and destroy them in order to correct overissue^[148]

Year	Date	Event
1181		Earliest extant printed maps with a date of publication are printed^[156]
1187	9 November	Emperor Gaozong of Song dies^[157]
1188		Emperor Xiaozong of Song creates a new office called the Policy Deliberation Hall (Yishi tang) to train his son Zhao Dun for his eventual accession^[158]
1189	18 February	Emperor Xiaozong of Song abdicates to his son Zhao Dun, who becomes Emperor Guangzong of Song^[159]

Year	Date	Event
1220		Rebellion breaks out in Sichuan^[163]
1220		Massive fires erupt in Lin'an^[173]
1221		Jin dynasty invades Song dynasty but is repelled^[179]
1221		Iron casing bombs are employed by Jin troops in the siege of Qi Prefecture (Hubei).^[180]
1224	17 September	Emperor Ningzong of Song dies and his adopted son Zhao Yun succeeds him as Emperor Lizong of Song^[181]
1224		Song and Jin cease hostilities^[182]
1225		Rebels in Shandong invade the Song dynasty and are repelled^[183]
1227	September	Emperor Mozhu of Western Xia surrenders to the Mongol Empire and is promptly executed; so ends the Western Xia^[184]
1229		New Vietnamese monarch, Trần Thái Tông of the Trần dynasty, sends a diplomatic mission to Song China^[8]

Year	Date	Event
1230		Co-viative projectiles are added to fire lances.^[185]
1231		Song patrols kill a Mongol envoy and in retaliation the Mongols raid Sichuan^[186]
1231		Massive fires erupt in Lin'an^[187]
1233	summer	Song dynasty invades Jin dynasty^[188]
1234	9 February	Siege of Caizhou: Emperor Aizong of Jin abdicates to a distant relative, Hudun, who becomes Emperor Mo of Jin, and commits suicide; Emperor Mo of Jin is killed by the Mongols; so ends the Jin dynasty^[189]
1234		Mongols annihilate the Song army at Luoyang^[190]
1235		Mongols raid the Song dynasty^[191]
1235		Massive fires erupt in Lin'an^[187]
1236		Mongols rout Song forces in Sichuan^[191]
1237		Large bombs requiring several hundred men to hurl using trebuchets are employed by Mongols in the siege of Anfeng (modern Shouxian, Anhui Province).^[192]
1237		Massive fires erupt in Lin'an^[187]
1238		Counterattacks by Song forces force Mongols to withdraw^[193]

Year	Date	Event
1240		Foot binding spreads to daughters and wives of officials^[102]
1242		Mongols raid Sichuan^[194]
1243		Mongols raid Sichuan^[194]
1244		Mongols raid Huainan^[194]
1245		Mongols occupy Shou Prefecture^[195]
1245		Rockets are used during a military exercise conducted by the Song navy.^[196]
1246		Mongols raid Huainan^[194]
1247		Issues of huizi to subsidize rising expenditures and declining revenues reach a value of 650,000,000 strings of cash, an increase by a factor of 25 over half a century^[197]^[198]
1247		Qin Jiushao discovers Horner's method and introduces the zero symbol into Chinese mathematics^[199]^[200]

Timeline_of_the_Song_dynasty

10th century

960s

970s

980s

990s

11th century

1000s

1010s

1020s

1030s

1040s

1050s

1060s

1070s

1080s

1090s

12th century

1100s

1110s

1120s

1130s

1140s

1150s

1160s

1170s

1180s

1190s

13th century

1200s

1210s

1220s

1230s

1240s

1250s

1260s

1270s

Gallery

See also

References

Bibliography

External links

Share this article:

Year	Date	Event
1250		Annual registration for prefectural examinations reaches 400,000 candidates^[32]
1252		Mongol forces under the Chinese general Wang Dechen advance into Sichuan and occupy Li Prefecture^[201]
1252		Massive fires erupt in Lin'an^[187]
1253		Mongol forces occupy Li Prefecture^[202]
1254		Mongol raids on the northern Song border intensify^[203]
1256	summer	Möngke Khan declares war on the Song dynasty, citing imprisonment of Mongol envoys as casus belli^[203]
1256		The Bazi Bridge is completed in Shaoxing^[204]
1257		Three hundred thirty-three "fire emitting tubes" are produced in a Song arsenal in Jiankang Prefecture (Nanjing, Jiangsu).^[205]^[206]
1257		Massive fires erupt in Lin'an^[187]
1258		Mongols capture Chengdu^[207]
1259	January	Möngke Khan's forces take Ya Prefecture^[202]
	February	Siege of Diaoyu Castle: Möngke Khan's forces lay siege to Diaoyu Fortress^[208]
	July	Siege of Diaoyu Castle: Möngke Khan calls off the siege of Diaoyu Fortress^[209]
	August	Taghachar attacks Huainan^[202]
	12 August	Möngke Khan dies from dysentery or a wound inflicted by a Song trebuchet, forcing Mongol forces to withdraw from Song territory^[210]
	September	Kublai Khan's forces cross the Yangtze and lays siege to Ezhou, however he receives news of Möngke Khan's death and Ariq Böke's mobilization, forcing hm to withdraw and deal with his brother^[211]
		The History of Song describes a "fire-emitting lance" employing a pellet wad projectile which occludes the barrel. Some consider this to be the first bullet.^[205]^[206]
		The city of Qingzhou produces one to two thousand iron cased bomb shells a month and sends them in deliveries of ten to twenty thousand at a time to Xiangyang and Yingzhou.^[212]
		Floodwaters hit Zhejiang^[187]

Year	Date	Event
1260	5 May	Kublai Khan convenes a kurultai at Kaiping, which elects him as ruler of the Mongol Empire; so ends the centralized Mongol Empire^[213]
1260		Kublai Khan's envoy Hao Jing proposes that the Song dynasty acknowledge Kublai as Son of Heaven in return for autonomy and gets jailed^[214]
1261		Kublai Khan sends funds to Li Tan of Shandong to make war on the Song dynasty^[215]
1262	22 February	Mongol-allied warlord of Shandong, Li Tan, defects to the Song dynasty^[216]
1262	August	Kublai Khan's Chinese generals Shi Tianze and Shi Chu crush Li Tan's forces and capture him; Li Tan is trampled to death by horses^[215]
1263		Massive fires erupt in Lin'an^[187]
1264		Emperor Lizong of Song dies and his nephew Zhao Qi succeeds him as Emperor Duzong of Song^[217]
		Massive fires erupt in Lin'an^[187]
		A display of miniature rockets frightens the Song empress.^[218]
		The value of huizi collapses^[198]
1265		Song dynasty and Mongol forces clash in Sichuan^[214]
1268		Battle of Xiangyang: Aju of the Mongols lays siege to Xiangyang^[219]

Year	Date	Event
1271		Kublai Khan declares himself emperor of the Yuan dynasty^[220]
1271		Chinese people start visiting Taiwan^[221]
1272		Battle of Xiangyang: Riverine relief forces use fire lances to repel boarders and break the Mongol blockade of Xiangyang^[222]
1273	March	Battle of Xiangyang: Lü Wenhuan surrenders Xiangyang to Yuan^[223]
1274	12 August	Emperor Duzong of Song dies and his son Zhao Xian succeeds him as Emperor Gong of Song; Xie Daoqing becomes regent^[224]
1275	January	Bayan's forces cross the Yangtze at Hankou^[225]
	March	Bayan's forces meet Jia Sidao in battle at Dingjiao Prefecture and annihilate his force using artillery equipment^[225]
		Mongols conquer the Hanshui region^[224]
1276		Mongol army annihilates a Song army near modern Guichi District^[226]
	22 March	Lin'an surrenders to the Mongols and Emperor Gong of Song is eventually moved to Dunhuang where he raises a family and becomes a monk^[227]
		Yuan general of Uyghur descent, Arigh Kaya, conquers Hunan and Guangxi^[228]
		Yuan commander Sodu occupies Fuzhou^[228]
	14 June	Song loyalists enthrone Zhao Shi, brother of Emperor Gong of Song, as Emperor Duanzong of Song^[229]
		Reusable fire lance barrels made of metal are employed by the Song army.^[230]
		Fire lances are used by Song cavalry in combating Mongols.^[222]
1277	April	Muslim superintendent of Quanzhou Pu Shougeng defects to Yuan ^[228]
1277		A suicide bombing occurs in China when Song garrisons set off a large bomb, killing themselves.^[231]^[232]
1278	February	Yuan commander Sodu occupies Guangzhou^[228]
1278	9 May	Emperor Duanzong of Song dies in Guangnan and is succeeded by his brother Zhao Bing^[233]
1279	19 March	Battle of Yamen: Mongol fleet annihilates the Song fleet and Zhao Bing dies at sea; so ends the Song dynasty^[234]