Timurid_dynasty

Timurid dynasty

Timurid dynasty

Turco-Mongol dynasty (1370–1857)

This article is about the royal family. For the territorial states over which it ruled, see Timurid Empire and Mughal Empire. For the imperial family of the latter empire, see Mughal dynasty.

The Timurid dynasty, self-designated as Gurkani (Persian: گورکانیان, romanized: Gūrkāniyān), was a Sunni Muslim[1] dynasty or clan of Turco-Mongol origin[2][3][4][5] descended from the warlord Timur (also known as Tamerlane). The word "Gurkani" derives from "Gurkan", a Persianized form of the Mongolian word "Kuragan" meaning "son-in-law".[6] This was an honorific title used by the dynasty as the Timurids were in-laws of the line of Genghis Khan,[7] founder of the Mongol Empire, as Timur had married Saray Mulk Khanum, a direct descendant of Genghis Khan. Members of the Timurid dynasty signaled the Timurid Renaissance, and they were strongly influenced by Persian culture[2][8] and established two significant empires in history, the Timurid Empire (1370–1507) based in Persia and Central Asia, and the Mughal Empire (1526–1857) based in the Indian subcontinent.

Quick Facts Timurid dynasty گورکانیان, Gūrkāniyān, Parent house ...

Origins

Main articles: Barlas, Mongol, Turko-Persian tradition, and Persianate society

The origin of the Timurid dynasty goes back to the Mongol tribe known as Barlas, who were remnants of the original Mongol army of Genghis Khan,[2][9][10] founder of the Mongol Empire. After the Mongol conquest of Central Asia, the Barlas settled in what is today southern Kazakhstan, from Shymkent to Taraz and Almaty, which then came to be known for a time as Moghulistan – "Land of Mongols" in Persian – and intermingled to a considerable degree with the local Turkic and Turkic-speaking population, so that at the time of Timur's reign the Barlas had become thoroughly Turkicized in terms of language and habits.

Additionally, by adopting Islam, the Central Asian Turks and Mongols adopted the Persian literary and high culture[11] which had dominated Central Asia since the early days of Islamic influence. Persian literature was instrumental in the assimilation of the Timurid elite into the Perso-Islamic courtly culture.[12]

List of rulers

See also: Timurid family tree

Timurid Empire

More information Titular name, Personal name ...
More information Transoxiana, Khurasan/Herat/Fars/Iraq-e-Ajam ...
More information Samarkand, Bukhara ...

Mughal Empire

Main article: Mughal emperors
More information Emperor, Birth ...

Family Tree

Timurid Dynasty

  Timurid Empire
  Timurid Empire of Farghana
  Timurid Empire of Kabul
  Timurid Empire of Herat
  Timurid Empire of Samarkand
  Timurid Empire of Transoxiana
  Timurid Empire of Hissar
  Timurid Empire of Khurasan
  Mughal Empire

Timur
r. 1370–1405
JahangirUmar-ShaykhMiran-ShahShah-Rukh
r. 1407–1447
Muhammad-SultanPir-Muhammad
r. 1405–1407		BayqaraKhalil-Sultan
r. 1405–1409		MuhammadUlugh-Beg I
r. 1447–1449		Ibrahim-SultanBaysunghurMuhammad-Juki
MansurAbu Sa'id
r. 1451–1469
r. 1459–1469		Abd al-Latif
r. 1449–1450		Abd Allah
r. 1450–1451		Ala al-Dawla
r. 1447–1448		Sultan-Muhammad
r. 1449–1451		Abu'l-Qasim Babur
r. 1449–1449, 
1451–1457
r. 1447–1457
Husayn-Bayqara
r. 1469–1470, 
1470–1506		Sultan-Ahmad
r. 1469–1494		Sultan-Mahmud
r. 1469–1495
r. 1494–1495		Umar-Shaykh II
r. 1469–1494		Ulugh-Beg II
r. 1469–1502		Ibrahim
r. 1457–1459		Yadegar-Muhammad
r. 1470–1470		Shah-Mahmud
r. 1457–1457
Badi' al-Zaman
r. 1506–1507		Muzaffar-Husayn
r. 1506–1507		Sultan-Masud
r. 1495–1497		Sultan-Baysunghur
r. 1495–1497
r. 1497–1499		Sultan-Ali
r. 1497–1500		Babur
r. 1494–1497
r. 1497–1497, 
1511–1512
r. 1504–1526
r. 1526–1530		Jahangir II
r. 1497–1504		Abd ar-Razaq
r. 1502–1504
Humayun
r. 1530–1540, 
1554–1556
Akbar I
r. 1556–1605
Jahangir
r. 1605–1627
Shah-Jahan I
r. 1628–1658		Shahryar
r. 1627–1628
Shah-Shuja
r. 1657–1659		Aurangzeb
r. 1658–1707
Bahadur Shah I
r. 1707–1712		Muhammad-Azam Shah
r. 1707–1707		Muhammad-AkbarMuhammad-Kam-Bakhsh
Jahandar Shah
r. 1712–1713		Azim-ush-Shan
r. 1712–1712		Rafi-ush-ShanKhujista-AkhtarNikusiyar
r. 1719–1719		Muhi us-Sunnat
Alamgir II
r. 1754–1759		Farrukhsiyar
r. 1713–1719		Shah-Jahan II
r. 1719–1719		Rafi ud-Darajat
r. 1719–1719		Muhammad-Ibrahim
r. 1720–1720		Muhammad Shah
r. 1719–1748		Shah-Jahan III
r. 1759–1760
Shah-Alam II
r. 1759–1806		Ahmad Shah
r. 1748–1754
Akbar II
r. 1806–1837		Shah-Jahan IV
r. 1788–1788
Bahadur Shah II
r. 1837–1857

See also

References and notes

  1. [1]
    Maria E. Subtelny, Timurids in Transition: Turko-Persian Politics and Acculturation in Medieval Persia, Vol. 7, (Brill, 2007), 201.
  2. [2]
    B.F. Manz, "Tīmūr Lang", in Encyclopaedia of Islam, Online Edition, 2006
  3. [3]
    Encyclopædia Britannica, "Timurid Dynasty", Online Academic Edition, 2007. (Quotation: "Turkic dynasty descended from the conqueror Timur (Tamerlane), renowned for its brilliant revival of artistic and intellectual life in Iran and Central Asia. ... Trading and artistic communities were brought into the capital city of Herat, where a library was founded, and the capital became the centre of a renewed and artistically brilliant Persian culture.")
  4. [4]
    "Timurids". The Columbia Encyclopedia (Sixth ed.). New York City: Columbia University. Archived from the original on 2006-12-05. Retrieved 2006-11-08.
  5. [5]
    Encyclopædia Britannica article: "Consolidation & expansion of the Indo-Timurids", Online Edition, 2007.
  6. [6]
    A History of the Muslim World Since 1260: The Making of a Global Community, by Vernon Egger, p. 193
  7. [7]
    ""The Man Behind the Mosque"". Archived from the original on 2020-11-09. Retrieved 2015-08-09.
  8. [8]
    Maria Subtelny, Timurids in Transition, p. 40: "Nevertheless, in the complex process of transition, members of the Timurid dynasty and their Persian Mongol supporters became acculturate by the surrounding Persianate millieu adopting Persian cultural models and tastes and acting as patrons of Persian culture, painting, architecture and music." p. 41: "The last members of the dynasty, notably Sultan-Abu Sa'id and Sultan-Husain, in fact came to be regarded as ideal Perso-Islamic rulers who develoted as much attention to agricultural development as they did to fostering Persianate court culture."
  9. [9]
    "Timur". Columbia Encyclopedia (Sixth ed.). 2005.
  10. [10]
    "Consolidation & expansion of the Indo-Timurids". Encyclopædia Britannica. 12 January 2024.
  11. [11]
    B. Spuler (2006). "Central Asia in the Mongol and Timurid periods". Encyclopædia Iranica. Like his father, Olōğ Beg was entirely integrated into the Persian Islamic cultural circles, and during his reign Persian predominated as the language of high culture, a status that it retained in the region of Samarqand until the Russian revolution 1917 [...] Ḥoseyn Bāyqarā encouraged the development of Persian literature and literary talent in every way possible
  12. [12]
    David J. Roxburgh (2005). The Persian Album, 1400–1600: From Dispersal to Collection. Yale University Press. p. 130. Persian literature, especially poetry, occupied a central in the process of assimilation of Timurid elite to the Perso-Islamicate courtly culture, and so it is not surprising to find Baysanghur commissioned a new edition of Firdawsi's Shanama.
  13. [13]
    Klingelhofer, William G. (1988). "The Jahangiri Mahal of the Agra Fort: Expression and Experience in Early Mughal Architecture". Muqarnas. 5: 153–169. doi:10.2307/1523115. ISSN 0732-2992. JSTOR 1523115.
  14. [14]
    S. N. Sen (2006). History Modern India. New Age International. pp. 11–13, 41–43. ISBN 978-81-224-1774-6.
  15. [15]
    Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707–1813, p. 140
  16. [16]
    S.R. Sharma (1999). Mughal Empire in India: A Systematic Study Including Source Material. Vol. 3. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. p. 765. ISBN 9788171568192.
  17. [17]
    S.R. Sharma (1999). Mughal Empire in India: A Systematic Study Including Source Material. Vol. 3. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. p. 767. ISBN 9788171568192.
  18. [18]
    N. G. Rathod, The Great Maratha Mahadaji Scindia, (Sarup & Sons, 1994), 8:

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