Trade_agreements_of_the_United_Kingdom

Free trade agreements of the United Kingdom

Free trade agreements of the United Kingdom

Post-Brexit arrangements

See also: United Kingdom–Crown Dependencies Customs Union

Following its withdrawal from the European Union on 31 January 2020, the United Kingdom began negotiations on several free trade agreements to remove or reduce tariff and non-tariff barriers to trade, both to establish new agreements and to replace previous EU trade agreements. Withdrawal ended 47 years of membership during which all its trading agreements were negotiated by the European Commission on behalf of the bloc. The UK did not actually withdraw from the European Single Market and the European Union Customs Union (and its trade agreements) until 31 December 2020.

Free trade agreements of the United Kingdom
  United Kingdom
  Crown Dependencies and Overseas Territories
  Active agreements
  Renegotiating active agreements
  Agreement in principle
  Negotiations ongoing

These treaties are divided into two types of free trade agreements: continuity agreements and 'new' agreements. Continuity agreements, also named rollover agreements, use of a mutatis mutandis concept in order to quickly replicate the existing EU agreements, only having to call out those minor areas of differentiation. Most continuity treaties were provisionally applied, or through a "bridging mechanism", thus continuity was achieved.[1] Trade agreements negotiated after Brexit are termed 'new', or enhanced agreements, these agreements have been negotiated from scratch or have been renegotiated to enhance the deal since Brexit.[2]

As of May 2023, the United Kingdom has 38 active free trade agreements with nations and trade blocs, covering 99 countries and territories.[3][1] Five of these are 'new' trade agreements, such as with Australia and New Zealand.[4] The remaining 33 are continuity agreements. Furthermore, the UK has a customs union with its three Crown Dependencies.[5] The UK has further arrangements covering free trade with its 14 British Overseas Territories.[6]

In addition, the UK has also reached an agreement to accede to the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership, which it signed in July 2023 and is expected to join, after the 11 present members ratify, in 2024.[7]

The United Kingdom has only suspended negotiations for a trade deal on one occasion; the UK suspended negotiations for a post-Brexit Canada Free Trade Agreement on 25 January 2024.[8]

Competence and ratification process

According to UK law the United Kingdom Parliament has the power to pass law in all policy areas.[9]

The UK's negotiating team will consult with its Strategic Trade Advisory Group throughout the negotiations.[10]

Ratification

The responsibility for concluding treaties involving the UK lies with the Secretary of State for Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Affairs. This remains the case even when the negotiation of the treaty is led by another government department.[11]

The Foreign & Commonwealth Office's legal advisers and Treaty Section:

  • must be given the opportunity to comment on the drafts of all treaties under negotiation
  • will advise on the form and substance of the treaty, though not substance which is technical and of which the other government department is the expert
  • will advise on related matters such as the production of Full Powers and Instruments of Ratification
  • will produce original signature copies of treaties and advise on the treaty signing ceremony
  • will arrange for the treaty to be published and laid before Parliament
  • is responsible for the registration of these treaties with the United Nations, allowing their subsequent publication in the United Nations Treaty Series
  • will transfer of the treaties to the National Archives for preservation[11]

Unless expressly authorised to do so by the United Kingdom government, Crown Dependencies and Overseas Territories do not have the authority to contract treaties in their own right. The UK must extend the territorial scope of its ratification of treaties to include them. This may be done either at the time of ratification, or at some later date.[11]

Active agreements

The following bilateral and plurilateral agreements are currently in effect. Signature and entry into force dates are as listed by the World Trade Organization.[3]

More information Nation(s), No. ofnations represented ...

Dependencies

The following agreements govern the United Kingdom's free trade with British Overseas Territories and Crown Dependencies.

More information Nation(s), No. of nations represented ...

Negotiations

The United Kingdom is currently negotiating free trade agreements with the following countries and trade blocs:[4]

More information Nation (s), No of nations represented ...

Potential enlargement

The following countries can accede to an existing plurilateral Economic Partnership Agreement with the United Kingdom.

More information Nation (s), Trade agreement being joined ...

Obsolete agreements

The following free trade agreements were previously active, however they have since been superseded or terminated.

More information Nation (s), No of nations represented ...

Former trade bloc memberships

The United Kingdom was previously a member of the following trade blocs, which include multilateral free trade with fellow members.

More information Nation (s), No of nations represented ...

Obsolete EU agreements

The following agreements are European Union free trade agreements which the United Kingdom was a party of until Brexit, however continuity agreements were not reached to replace them.

More information Nation (s), No of nations represented ...

Largest trading partners

More information Exports, Imports ...

Historically, WTO imports and exports are based on the rule of origin, while EU imports/exports are based on single market statistics.

The figures above are for 2020 & 2021[159][160]

See also

Notes

  1. Joined 28 June 2022.[14]
  2. The agreement only covered goods until 1 April 2021 when it expanded to cover services.[21]
  3. Joined 5 March 2021.[24]
  4. Trinidad and Tobago signed on 1 April 2019.
    Dominican Republic signed on 4 April 2019.
    Antigua and Barbuda signed on 6 June 2019.
    The Bahamas signed on 27 November 2019.
    Suriname signed on 4 March 2021.[25]
  5. As an integral part of the EU Customs Union, Akrotiri and Dhekelia-UK trade is covered by this agreement.
  6. Under the UK-EU Trade and Cooperation Agreement, the UK and the EU have agreed that Andorra be treated as a member of the EUCU. Therefore, Andorra-UK trade is covered by this agreement.[1]
  7. As an integral part of the EU Customs Union, Monaco-UK trade is covered by this agreement.
  8. Under the UK-EU Trade and Cooperation Agreement, the UK and the EU have agreed that San Marino be treated as a member of the EUCU. Therefore, San Marino-UK trade is covered by this agreement.[1]
  9. This agreement covers the 27 EU members, additionally it governs UK trade with Andorra, Monaco, San Marino, as well as the British Overseas Territory of Akrotiri and Dhekelia.[1]
  10. Due to the Swiss-Liechtenstein customs union, goods from Liechtenstein are governed in the Switzerland-UK FTA.
  11. This figure only represents trade value between the UK and the cumulative value of Iceland and Norway. Liechtenstein trade accounts for 226m but is divided between two agreements.[1]
  12. This treaty only governs Liechtenstein's goods due to the Swiss-Liechtenstein customs union. Liechtenstein-UK trade is governed by the Iceland-Liechtenstein-Norway-UK FTA.[59]
  13. This figure only represents trade value between the UK and Switzerland. Liechtenstein trade accounts for 226m but is divided between two agreements.[1]
  14. Joined 11 January 2021[72]
  15. Joined 5 January 2021[73]
  16. Expanded upon by the Singapore-UK Digital Economy Agreement to cover digital trade; it entered in force on 14 June 2022.[80][81]
  17. South Africa signed the agreement on 16 October 2019.[86]
  18. Joined 1 January 1970
  19. Joined 1 January 1981
  20. Joined 1 January 1986
  21. Joined 1 January 1986
  22. German reunification took place in 1990
  23. Joined 1 January 1995
  24. Joined 1 January 2007
  25. Joined 1 July 2013
  26. Joined 1 May 2004
  27. Joined 1 May 2004
  28. Joined 1 May 2004
  29. Joined 1 January 1995
  30. Joined 1 May 2004
  31. Joined 1 May 2004
  32. Joined 1 May 2004
  33. Joined 1 May 2004
  34. Joined 1 May 2004
  35. Joined 1 January 2007
  36. Joined 1 May 2004
  37. Joined 1 May 2004
  38. Joined 1 January 1995
  39. including Puerto Rico

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