A transit of Mercury across the Sun as seen from Mars takes place when the planet Mercury passes directly between the Sun and Mars, obscuring a small part of the Sun's disc for an observer on Mars. During a transit, Mercury can be seen from Mars as a small black disc moving across the face of the Sun.
Transits of Mercury from Mars are roughly twice as common as transits of Mercury from Earth: there are several per decade.
Transit
The Mars rovers Spirit and Opportunity could have observed the transit of January 12, 2005 (from 14:45 UTC to 23:05 UTC); however the only camera available for this had insufficient resolution. They were able to observe transits of Deimos across the Sun, but at 2' angular diameter, Deimos is about 20 times larger than Mercury's 6.1" angular diameter. Ephemeris data generated by JPL Horizons indicates that Opportunity would have been able to observe the transit from the start until local sunset at about 19:23 UTC, while Spirit could have observed it from local sunrise at about 19:38 UTC until the end of the transit. The rover Curiosity observed the Mercury transit of June 3, 2014, marking the first time any planetary transit has been observed from a celestial body besides Earth.[1]
March 5, 2024: NASA released images of transits of the moon Deimos, the moon Phobos and the planet Mercury as viewed by the Perseverance rover on the planet Mars.[2]
Transits viewed from Mars by the Perseverance rover
The Mercury-Mars synodic period is 100.888 days. It can be calculated using the formula 1/(1/P-1/Q), where P is the orbital period of Mercury (87.969 days) and Q is the orbital period of Mars (686.98 days).
The inclination of Mercury's orbit with respect to that of Mars is 5.16°, which is less than its value of 7.00° with respect to Earth's ecliptic.
Transits 2000–2100
December 18, 2003
January 12, 2005
November 23, 2005
May 10, 2013
June 3, 2014
April 15, 2015
October 28, 2023
September 5, 2024
January 26, 2034
February 21, 2035
July 13, 2044
May 24, 2045
November 8, 2052
December 3, 2053
October 14, 2054
April 25, 2063
March 6, 2064
July 27, 2073
August 22, 2074
December 17, 2082
January 12, 2084
November 22, 2084
May 9, 2092
June 3, 2093
April 14, 2094
Simultaneous transits
The simultaneous occurrence of a transit of Mercury and a transit of Venus is extremely rare, but somewhat more frequent than from Earth, and will next occur in the years 18,713, 19,536 and 20,029.
On several occasions a related event is predicted: a transit of Mercury and a transit of Venus, or transit of Earth, will follow themselves, one after the other, in an interval of only several hours.
On November 28, 3867, there will be a transit of Earth and Moon, and two days later there will be a transit of Mercury.
On January 16, 18551, transits of Mercury and Venus will occur 14 hours apart.
