Tubba'

List of rulers of Saba and Himyar

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This is a list of rulers of Saba and Himyar.

Mukarrib (Mukrab, Karab), a religious title that means "near to God", was used by rulers of Saba' until Karib'il Watar changed his title to Malik at the time of the kingdom of Saba' and Dhu Raydan that was established between Himyarites and Sabaeans, both descending from ancient South Arabian patriarch Qahtan.^[1] The title Tubba, which means "the one who follows the sun like a shadow" was used by Himyarites to refer to their rulers.^[2]

King of Saba', Dhu Raydan, Hadramawt, Yamnat and their Arabs, on Tawdum (the high plateau) and Tihamat

This period of time is most famously featured in Arabian legends. This is also the last period of native Yemeni rule.

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[1] [1]
محاسن, بلعيد (2015-01-01). الرقم سبعة (7) أثره في المعتقدات والآداب والفنون وغيرها (من روائع الإعجاز العددي) (in Arabic). Dar Al Kotob Al Ilmiyah دار الكتب العلمية. ISBN 9782745179661.

[2] [2]
Brannon M. Wheeler (2002). Prophets in the Quran: An Introduction to the Quran and Muslim Exegesis. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 166. ISBN 0-8264-4956-5.

[:1-3] [3]
The History of Al-Tabari: The Sasanids, the Lakhmids, and Yemen. SUNY Press. p. 184-186. ISBN 9780791443569.

[4] [4]
"Les religions pratiquées par les membres de la tribu de Kinda (Arabie) à la veille de l'Islam - Christian Julien Robin".

[5] [5]
"Les religions pratiquées par les membres de la tribu de Kinda (Arabie) à la veille de l'Islam - Christian Julien Robin".

[6] [6]
"DASI: Digital Archive for the Study of pre-islamic arabian Inscriptions: Epigraph details".

[7] [7]
Bowersock, G. W. (2013-04-01). The Throne of Adulis: Red Sea Wars on the Eve of Islam. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-933384-4.

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	Mukarib	Reigned	Notes
1	Yatha' Amr Bayin I	circa 1000–950 BC
2	Yada'il Bayin I
3	Samah'ali Yanuf I
4	Yatha' Amar Watar I
5	Yakrib Malek Dzarah
6	Yakrib Malek Watar I
7	Samah'ali Yanuf II
8	Yada'il Bayin II
9	Yatha' Amar Watar II		Contemporary with Sargon II
10	Yada' Ab I
11	Yada'il Bayin III
12	Yakrib Malek Watar II
13	Yatha' Amar Bayin II
14	Karibil Watar I		Contemporary with Sennacherib
15	Yada' Ab II
16	Akh Karab
17	Samah'ali Watar
18	Yada'il Dharih I		Son of 17
19	Samah'ali Yanuf III		Son of 18
20	Yatha' Amar Watar III		Son of 18
21	Yada'il Bayin IV		Son of 20
22	Yada'il Watar I		Son of 20
23	Zamir Ali Zarih I		Son of 21
24	Yatha' Amar Watar IV		son of Samah'ali Yanuf son of 20
25	Karabil Bayin I		Son of 24
26	Samah'ali Yanuf IV		Son of 24
27	Zamir Ali Watar		Son of 26
28	Samah'ali Yanuf V		Son of 27
29	Yatha' Amar Bayin III		Son of 28
30	Yakrib Malek Watar III
31	Zamir Ali Yanuf		Son of 30

	King	Reigned	Notes
32	Karabil Watar II	620–600 BC	Son of 31
33	Samah'ali Zarih	600–580 BC	Son of 32
34	Karabil Watar III	580–570 BC	Son of 33
35	Ilsharih I	570–560 BC	Son of 33
36	Yada'il Bayin V	560–540 BC	Son of 34
37	Yakrib Malek Watar IV	540–520 BC	Son of 36
38	Yatha' Amar Bayin IV	520–500 BC	Son of 37
39	Karabil Watar IV	500–480 BC	Son of 38
40	Samah'ali Yanuf VI	480–460 BC	Son of 39
41	Yada'il Bayin VI		Son of 39
42	Yatha' Amar Watar V		Son of 39
43	Ilsharih II	460–445 BC	Son of 41
44	Zamir Ali Bayin I	445–430 BC	Son of 41
45	Yada'il Watar II	430–410 BC	Son of 44
46	Zamir Ali Bayin II	410–390 BC	Son of 45
47	Samah'ali Yanuf VII		Son of 46
48	Karabil Watar V	390–370 BC	Possibly son of 46
—	Unknown	370–350 BC
49	Karab Yuhan'em	350–330 BC	Son of Ham Athat
50	Karabil Watar VI	330–310 BC	Son of 49
51	Wahab Shamsam/El Yahiz I	310–290 BC	Son of Halik Amar or Saraw
52	Anmar Yuha'man I	290–270 BC	Son of 51
53	Zamir Ali Zarih II	270–250 BC	Son of 52
54	Nasha Karab Yuha'man	250–230 BC	Son of 53
—	Unknown	230–200 BC
55	Nasir Yuhan'em	200–180 BC
56	Zamir Ali Bayin III
57	Wahab El Yahiz II	180–160 BC
58	Karabil Watar Yuhan'em I	160–145 BC	Son of 57
59	Anmar Yuha'man II		Son of 57
60	Yarim Aymin	145–115 BC	Son of Awsalat Rafshan; usurped the throne with his son
61	Alhan Nahfan		Son of 60
62	Far'am Yanhab	130–125 BC	He managed to partially regain the legitimate throne

	King	Notes
63	Sha'ram Awtar	Son of 61
64	Il Sharih Yahdhib	Son of 62. He was probably Strabo's "Ilasarus". Contemporary with Sha'ram Awtar, see # 63
65	Yazil Bayin	Son of 62. He allied with his brother see # 64 against Sha'ram Awtar see # 63
67	Hayu Athtar Yazi'	Son of 63?
68	Karabil Watar Yuhan'em II	Son of 56. Probably the Charibael of the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, said to have dominion over the major ports of Azania (the Swahili coast) through a vassal in Saba
69	Watar Yuha'min	Son of 64.
70	Zamir Ali Zarih III	Son of 68
71	Nasha Karab Yuha'min Yuharhib	Son of 64
72	Karabil Bayin II	Son of 68
73	Yasir Yuhasdiq
74	Sa'd Shams ʽAsri'	Son of 64
75	Murthid Yuhahmid	Son of 74
76	Zamir Ali Yahbir I	Son of 73
77	Tharin Ya'ib Yuhan'im	Son of 76
78	Zamir Ali Yahbir II	Son of 77
79	Shamdar Yuhan'im
80	Amdan Bayin Yuhaqbiz
81	Hutar Athat Yafish
82	Karab Athat Yuhaqbiz
83	Shahar Aymin
84	Rab Shams Namran
85	El Ez Nawfan Yuhasdiq
86	Sa'd Um Namran
87	Yasir Yuhan'em

	King	Reigned	Notes
88	Shammar Yahr'ish	AD 275–300	Son of 87
89	Yarim Yuharhib		Son of 88
90	Yasir Yuhan'im III		Son of 88
91	Tharin Ayfi'		Son of 90
92	Dhara'amar Ayman I		Son of 90
93	Karabil Watar Yuhan'em III
94	Tharin Yakrib		Son of 88
95	Dhamar Ali Yuhabirr	321–324	Son of 94
96	Tharan Yuhanim	324–375	Son of 95

	King	Reigned	Notes
97	Malkikarib Yuhamin	375–400	Son of (96). He is the first king to officially convert to Judaism and remove previous polytheistic invocations from records and inscriptions. He also replaced the Great Temple of the pagan god Almaqah with a mikrāb for Jewish organization. Later tradition ascribes the conversion to Judaism to his son, Abu Karib.
98	Abu Karib As'ad	390–440	Son of (97). Judaism was made the state religion during his rule. Some Arab traditions relate that he was the first ruler to put a covering over the Kaaba during his attempted invasion of Mecca.
99	Hassan Yuha'min	440–450	Son of (98). He shared kingship with his brother Sharhabil Yafar for a while.^[3]
100	Sharhabil Yafar	450–465	Son of (98). Known as 'Amr in the Arabian folklore and traditions.
101	Sharhabil Yakkuf	465–480	The nephew of (100) and the son of (99). He was the first king to start the persecution of Christians in the Arabian realms.
102	Marthad'ilan Yu'nim	480–485^[4]	There is only one inscription available of this king, and after him is a fifteen-year period of rule with no known ruler yet, throughout Himyarite history.^[5]
103	Marthad'ilan Yanuf	504–515	A Christian ruler of Himyar, he is the son of regent Abdul Kulal ibn Muthawwib who was also a Christian. His name is seen in a rock inscription labelled "YM 1200" in the corpus of the many South Arabian inscriptions.^[6]
104	Ma'dikarib Ya'fur	515–517	He was appointed as a king by the Aksumite Empire.^[7] In the Arabian folklore, Ma'dikarib Ya'fur does not exist, and is instead replaced by an unknown Dhu Shanatir.
105	Dhu Nuwas	517–530	The last of the native Himyarite kings, he rose to power in 517 after assassinating (104). His real name was Yusuf As'ar Yathar and his father was an unknown Sharhabil, thought to have been Sharhabil Yakkuf (101). He was known for his persecutions of Christians. He was killed in the year 530 during the Aksumite conquest of Yemen by King Kaleb.

Tubba'

List of rulers of Saba and Himyar

Mukaribs of Saba'

Kings of Saba'

Kings of Saba' & Dhu Raydan

Kings of Saba' & Dhu Raydan & Hadhramaut & Yamnat 2nd Himyarite Kingdom

King of Saba', Dhu Raydan, Hadramawt, Yamnat and their Arabs, on Tawdum (the high plateau) and Tihamat

Aksumite rulers of Saba' and Himyar

Vassal rulers of the Sasanian Empire

References

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	King	Reigned	Notes
106	Sumyafa Ashwa	530–535	A native from Himyar who had converted to Christianity, Sumyafa Ashwa was appointed by Kaleb as the ruler of Saba' and Himyar. He was deposed and overthrown in 535 by Abraha, who usurped the throne from him.
107	Abraha	535–570	An usurper to the throne, he deposed (106) by force and imprisoned him. He also turned against Kaleb, but they later reconciled and he was allowed to keep his throne. He is best known for his attempted invasion of Mecca, a famous story in Islamic literature and exegesis.
108	Yaksum ibn Abraha	570–571	Son of (107), he ruled for only a year and died in the second year of his rule.
109	Masruq ibn Abraha	571–572	The son of (107) and the brother of (108). After his brother had died, he took the throne. During this time period, the native Yemenis revolted against him and later on, they were assisted by forces from the Persian Sasanian Empire. Masruq was ultimately killed in the attacks by the incoming Persian army, ending Aksumite rule over Himyar.