Tudhaliya_II

Tudhaliya II

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Tudhaliya II (also Tudhaliya III; Hurrian name: Tasmi-Sarri) was a king of the Hittite empire (New kingdom) c. 1380–1370 BC (middle chronology)^[1] or 1360? – 1344 BC (short chronology). He was the son of King Arnuwanda I and Ašmu-nikal.

Tudhaliya II also had a Hurrian name Tasmi-Sarri, in common with many other Hittite kings of that time, who also had Hurrian names. His queen was Tadu-Heba, which is also a Hurrian name. Their wedding ceremony is mentioned in many tablets from Sapinuwa, as well as from Hattusa.^[2]

Life

The Hittite empire suffered serious losses of territory during Tudhaliya's reign, with even the capital itself being burnt down. But, under the able guidance of Tudhaliya's son, the future Suppiluliuma I, the Hittites began to make a recovery while Tudhaliya reigned.

The proper numbering of the Hittite rulers who bore the name Tudhaliya is problematic. There was a Hattian era figure who bore the name Tudhaliya who may or may not have ruled as king. Other reconstructions insert a Tudhaliya directly after Muwatalli I, but before the more famous ruler frequently credited with founding the Empire. The Tudhaliya discussed in this article will be generally found as either "the second" or "the third".

Himuili?^{[lower-alpha 1]}

Tudhaliya I/II^{[lower-alpha 2]}

Nikkalmati^{[lower-alpha 3]}

Arnuwanda I^{[lower-alpha 3]}

Asmunikal^{[lower-alpha 3]}

Hattusili II?^{[lower-alpha 4]}

Tudhaliya III^{[lower-alpha 5]}

Daduhepa^{[lower-alpha 6]}

Zida^{[lower-alpha 7]}

Tudhaliya the Young^{[lower-alpha 8]}

Henti^{[lower-alpha 7]} (1)

Šuppiluliuma I^{[lower-alpha 8]}

(2) Tawananna^{[lower-alpha 9]}

Arnuwanda II^{[lower-alpha 7]}

Telipinu^{[lower-alpha 10]}

Sarri-Kusuh^{[lower-alpha 11]}^{[lower-alpha 12]}

Zannanza^{[lower-alpha 13]}

Gassulawiya^{[lower-alpha 14]} (1)

Mursili II^{[lower-alpha 7]}

(2) Tanuhepa^{[lower-alpha 15]}

Talmi-Sarruma^{[lower-alpha 16]}

Sahurunuwa^{[lower-alpha 11]}^{[lower-alpha 17]}

Muwatalli II^{[lower-alpha 15]}

Halpasulupi^{[lower-alpha 18]}

Massanauzzi^{[lower-alpha 19]}

Hattusili III^{[lower-alpha 20]}

Puduhepa^{[lower-alpha 21]}

Ini-Tesub^{[lower-alpha 11]}^{[lower-alpha 22]}

Urhi-Tesub^{[lower-alpha 15]}

Kurunta^{[lower-alpha 23]}

Nerikkaili^{[lower-alpha 24]}

numerous daughters^{[lower-alpha 25]} and sons^{[lower-alpha 26]}

Tudhaliya IV^{[lower-alpha 27]}

Talmi-Tesub^{[lower-alpha 11]}^{[lower-alpha 28]}

Arnuwanda III^{[lower-alpha 29]}

Suppiluliuma II^{[lower-alpha 29]}^{[lower-alpha 30]}

Kuzi-Tesub^{[lower-alpha 31]}

(1) = 1st spouse
(2) = 2nd spouse
Small caps indicates a Great King (LUGAL.GAL) of the Land of Hatti; italic small caps indicates a Great Queen or Tawananna.
Dashed lines indicate adoption.
Solid lines indicate marriage (if horizontal) or parentage (if vertical).

References:

Trevor Bryce (1997). The Kingdom of the Hittites. Oxford, England: Clarendon Press.
Trevor Bryce (2012). The World of the Neo-Hittite Kingdoms. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
Volkert Haas (2006). Die hethitische Literatur. Berlin, Germany: de Gruyter.

Notes:

Scholars have suggested that Tudhaliya I/II was the son of Himuili and thus a grandson of the Hittite king Huzziya II (Bryce 1997, p. 131).
Bryce (1997) does not consider it clear whether Tudhaliya I/II was one king or two (p. 133).
Bryce (1997), p. 139.
The existence of Hattusili II is doubtful (Bryce 1997, pp. 153–154).
Bryce (1997), p. 158.
Bryce (1997), p. 172.
Bryce (1997), p. 174.
Bryce (1997), p. 168.
Also known as Malnigal; daughter of Burnaburias II of Babylonia (Bryce 1997, p. 173).
‘Great priest’ in Kizzuwadna and king (lugal) of Aleppo (Bryce 1997, p. 174).
King (lugal) of Carchemish.
Bryce (1997), pp. 174, 203–204.
Zannanza died on his way to Egypt to marry a pharaoh's widow, probably Ankhesenpaaten, the widow of Tutankhamun (Bryce 1997, pp. 196–198).
Bryce (1997), p. 227.
Bryce (1997), p. 230.
Bryce (1997), p. 220.
Bryce (1997), p. 222.
Haas (2006), p. 91.
Massanauzzi married Masturi, king of the Seha River Land (Bryce 1997, p. 313).
Bryce (1997), p. 296.
Puduhepa was the daughter of the Kizzuwadnan priest Pentipsarri (Bryce 1997, p. 273).
Bryce (1997), pp. 346, 363.
King (lugal) of Tarhuntassa (Bryce 1997, p. 296); apparently later Great King of Hatti (Bryce 1997, p. 354).
Nerikkaili married a daughter of Bentesina, king of Amurru (Bryce 1997, p. 294).
Two daughters of Hattusili III were married to the pharaoh Ramesses II; one was given the Egyptian name Ma(hor)nefrure. Another, Gassuwaliya, married into the royal house of Amurru. Kilushepa was married to a king of Isuwa. A daughter married into the royal family of Babylon. A sister of Tudhaliya IV married Sausgamuwa, king of Amurru after his father Bentesina. From Bryce (1997), pp. 294 and 312.
Bryce (1997), p. 332.
Bryce (1997), p. 363. Tudhaliya IV probably married a Babylonian princess, known by her title of Great Princess (dumu.sal gal) (Bryce 1997, pp. 294, 331).
Bryce (1997), p. 363.
Bryce (1997), p. 361.
Last documented Great King of the Land of Hatti.
King and then Great King of Carchemish (Bryce 1997, pp. 384–385).

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[3] Scholars have suggested that Tudhaliya I/II was the son of Himuili and thus a grandson of the Hittite king Huzziya II (Bryce 1997, p. 131).

[4] Bryce (1997) does not consider it clear whether Tudhaliya I/II was one king or two (p. 133).

[bryce139-5] Bryce (1997), p. 139.

[6] The existence of Hattusili II is doubtful (Bryce 1997, pp. 153–154).

[7] Bryce (1997), p. 158.

[8] Bryce (1997), p. 172.

[bryce174-9] Bryce (1997), p. 174.

[bryce168-10] Bryce (1997), p. 168.

[11] Also known as Malnigal; daughter of Burnaburias II of Babylonia (Bryce 1997, p. 173).

[12] ‘Great priest’ in Kizzuwadna and king (lugal) of Aleppo (Bryce 1997, p. 174).

[carch-13] King (lugal) of Carchemish.

[14] Bryce (1997), pp. 174, 203–204.

[15] Zannanza died on his way to Egypt to marry a pharaoh's widow, probably Ankhesenpaaten, the widow of Tutankhamun (Bryce 1997, pp. 196–198).

[16] Bryce (1997), p. 227.

[bryce230-17] Bryce (1997), p. 230.

[18] Bryce (1997), p. 220.

[19] Bryce (1997), p. 222.

[20] Haas (2006), p. 91.

[21] Massanauzzi married Masturi, king of the Seha River Land (Bryce 1997, p. 313).

[bryce296-22] Bryce (1997), p. 296.

[23] Puduhepa was the daughter of the Kizzuwadnan priest Pentipsarri (Bryce 1997, p. 273).

[24] Bryce (1997), pp. 346, 363.

[25] King (lugal) of Tarhuntassa (Bryce 1997, p. 296); apparently later Great King of Hatti (Bryce 1997, p. 354).

[26] Nerikkaili married a daughter of Bentesina, king of Amurru (Bryce 1997, p. 294).

[27] Two daughters of Hattusili III were married to the pharaoh Ramesses II; one was given the Egyptian name Ma(hor)nefrure. Another, Gassuwaliya, married into the royal house of Amurru. Kilushepa was married to a king of Isuwa. A daughter married into the royal family of Babylon. A sister of Tudhaliya IV married Sausgamuwa, king of Amurru after his father Bentesina. From Bryce (1997), pp. 294 and 312.

[28] Bryce (1997), p. 332.

[29] Bryce (1997), p. 363. Tudhaliya IV probably married a Babylonian princess, known by her title of Great Princess (dumu.sal gal) (Bryce 1997, pp. 294, 331).

[bryce363-30] Bryce (1997), p. 363.

[bryce361-31] Bryce (1997), p. 361.

[32] Last documented Great King of the Land of Hatti.

[33] King and then Great King of Carchemish (Bryce 1997, pp. 384–385).

[:1-1] [1]
Kuhrt, Amélie (2020). The Ancient Near East: c.3000–330 BC, Volume One. Routledge. p. 230. ISBN 978-1-136-75548-4.

[2] [2]
Karen Radner, Nadine Moeller, D. T. Potts, eds (2022), The Oxford History of the Ancient Near East: Volume III: From the Hyksos to the Late Second Millennium BC. Oxford University Press - Dassow, p.570

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Tudhaliya_II

Tudhaliya II

Life

See also

References

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