Turama-Kikori_languages
Turama–Kikorian languages
Language family
The Turama–Kikorian languages are a family identified by Arthur Capell (1962)[1] and part of the Trans–New Guinea languages (TNG) family in the classifications of Stephen Wurm (1975) and Malcolm Ross (2005). The family is named after the Turama River and Kikori River of southern Papua New Guinea; the alternative name is based more narrowly on the Omati River.
Quick Facts Geographic distribution, Linguistic classification ...
| Turama–Kikorian | |
|---|---|
| Rumu – Omati River | |
| Geographic distribution | Omati River region, Gulf Province, Papua New Guinea |
| Linguistic classification | Papuan Gulf ?
|
| Subdivisions | |
| Glottolog | tura1263 |
Map: The Turama–Kikorian languages of New Guinea
The Turama–Kikorian languages
Trans–New Guinea languages
Other Papuan languages
Austronesian languages
Uninhabited | |
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The four languages are clearly related, though Rumu is divergent. Ross states that Rumu links the other (Turama) languages to TNG.
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Some lexical reconstructions by Usher (2020) are:[2]
More information gloss, Proto-Rumu-Omati ...
| gloss | Proto-Rumu-Omati | Proto-Omati River | Rumu |
|---|---|---|---|
| head/top | *mab | *mab | mapô |
| leaf/hair/feather | *b[au]t | *bɔt | ?paɾâu |
| ear | *go̝ | *go̝ | kō |
| eye | *isĩ | *isĩ | ihī |
| nose | *ju | *ju | jū |
| tooth | *magu | *magu | makù |
| foot/leg | *tãᵋ | *tãᵋ | ɾɛ̂ |
| bone | *tab | *tab | ɾapò |
| breast | *sõ̝ | *sõ̝ | hó |
| louse | *gutɔm | *gutɔm | kuɾɔ̀ |
| dog | *gas | *gas | ká ~ kaé |
| pig | *gɔ[u]n | *gɔn | kɔù |
| bird | *gaᵋ | *gaᵋ | ká ~ kaé |
| egg | *d[ɔ]um | *d[ɔ]um | |
| tree | *i | *i | ì |
| sun | *ɛsɔa | *ɛsɔa | ɛhɔ̂ |
| water | *wẽ̝ | *wẽ̝ | |
| fire | *i | *i | ì |
| path | *dɛⁱ | *dɛⁱ | tɛî |
| name | *e̝ne̝ne̝n | *ne̝ne̝n | enené |
| two | *t[aⁱ/aᵋ] | *taᵋ | taí |
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Basic vocabulary
The following basic vocabulary words are from Franklin (1973),[3] as cited in the Trans-New Guinea database:[4]
More information gloss, Rumu ...
| gloss | Rumu | Ikobi-Mena | Mena | Omati |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| head | wotu rapo | mapʰ | mabo | mawo |
| hair | pate | maporo | maboru | mahabero |
| ear | ku pate | kupi | kovi | kovi |
| eye | ihita | si(tom) | sitɔumu | isi |
| nose | yu rapo | bopʰ | boƀo | sorowu |
| tooth | maku | ka̧i̧ yo | kaiyɔ | kokame |
| tongue | ɔhɔ | kumen | kumɛn | komene |
| leg | re riki | hae | hại habo | hai |
| louse | kuro | kurom | kuromiə | kulamu |
| dog | ka | kas | kasə | kase |
| bird | ka | kae | kaiɛ | kae |
| egg | re | tʌom | tʌmɛ | mena hai |
| blood | hokore | kai | kai | kei |
| bone | rapo | hap | havo | havo |
| skin | heitau | kora | kʷaru | kebo |
| breast | hɔ | so̧ | so; šo | šu |
| tree | i | i | ʔi | |
| man | uki | wane | wɔnami; wɔne | gamin |
| woman | wo | besi | bɛse | bes |
| sun | eho | iyos | yosə; yosu | soa |
| moon | pari | wasiba | wasibia; wasibʌŋʌ | baira |
| water | u | mu̧ | mu | fae |
| fire | i | kom | kumu | kumu |
| stone | akapu | kam | kamə | kamu |
| name | paina | nanini | nɛnɛne | nenena |
| eat | nato | nokun; nouwe | nʌᵘwe | damanai |
| one | riabai; ṛiabai | sʌkanɛ | sʌkanɛ | sakaina |
| two | tai | hae | haiɛ | hatarari |
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Fauna names
Below are some turtle names, with additional names in Porome, Kiwaian, and Kutubuan languages also provided for comparison:[5]
More information Language [Location], Emydura subglobosa ...
| Language [Location] | Emydura subglobosa | Elseya novaeguineae | Carettochelys insculpta | Pelochelys bibroni | Marine turtle |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ikobi [Kasere] (Kaiam) | Kaso bubal | Kaso bubal | Kaso Uwo | Kaso Mimiri | – |
| Foroba (Omo, Kuru) | Kinisuga | Kesoga | Buguama | Mimiri | – |
| Rumu (Kopi, Ogamabu, Irimuku, Lalau, Ario, Waira) | Kehoko | Kehoko, Purapati | Piku | Mimiri, Otohehe | – |
| Porome [Kibiri] (Veiru, Doibo) | Ketori | Ketori | Watemui | Kauri | – |
| Porome [Porome] (Ero, Wowou) | Ketoko | Ketoko | Watemu | Dabeuri | – |
| Kerewo [Goaribari] (Apeawa, Samoa) | – | Koimo | Uwo | Unawaya | Mirimiri, Gamo |
| Kiwai, Northeast [Urama] (Veraibari) | Koimo | Koimo | Va’ema | Goava’ema | Mia Mia |
| Foi (Soro, Wasami, Tugiri, Kese, Kapoi) | – | Baregwarabo | – | – | – |
| Fasu (Wairo, Hebaya) | – | Eketaiyaa | – | – | – |
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Names for Emydura subglobosa and Elseya novaeguineae are generally identical or similar.
See also: Yam languages § Fauna names
- Capell, Arthur. 1962. Linguistic Survey of the South-Western Pacific (New and revised edition). (South Pacific Commission Technical Paper, 136.) Noumea: South Pacific Commission. 258pp.
- Timothy Usher, New Guinea World, Proto–Rumu – Omati River
- Franklin, K.J. "Other Language Groups in the Gulf District and Adjacent Areas". In Franklin, K. editor, The linguistic situation in the Gulf District and adjacent areas, Papua New Guinea. C-26:261-278. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1973. doi:10.15144/PL-C26.261
- Greenhill, Simon (2016). "TransNewGuinea.org - database of the languages of New Guinea". Retrieved 2020-11-05.
- Georges, A., Guarino, F., & Bito, B. (2006). Freshwater turtles of the TransFly region of Papua New Guinea – notes on diversity, distribution, reproduction, harvest and trade. Wildlife Research, 33(5), 373. doi:10.1071/wr05087
- Ross, Malcolm (2005). "Pronouns as a preliminary diagnostic for grouping Papuan languages". In Andrew Pawley; Robert Attenborough; Robin Hide; Jack Golson (eds.). Papuan pasts: cultural, linguistic and biological histories of Papuan-speaking peoples. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. pp. 15–66. ISBN 0858835622. OCLC 67292782.
- Timothy Usher, New Guinea World, Proto–Rumu – Omati River
- (ibid.) Proto–Omati River