Typhoon Hagibis, known in Japan as Typhoon No.19 or Reiwa 1 East Japan Typhoon (令和元年東日本台風, Reiwa Gannen Higashi-Nihon Taifū),[1] was a large and costly tropical cyclone that caused widespread destruction in Japan. The thirty-eighth depression, nineteenth tropical storm, ninth typhoon, and third super typhoon of the 2019 Pacific typhoon season, it was the strongest typhoon to strike mainland Japan in decades, and one of the largest typhoons ever recorded, with a peak gale-force diameter of 825 nautical miles (949mi; 1,528km). The typhoon raised global media attention, as it greatly affected the 2019 Rugby World Cup being hosted by Japan.[2] Hagibis was also the deadliest typhoon to strike Japan since Typhoon Fran in 1976.[3]
Hagibis developed from a tropical disturbance located a couple hundred miles north of the Marshall Islands on October 2, 2019. The Joint Typhoon Warning Center issued a red tropical cyclone formation alert—noting that the disturbance could undergo rapid intensification upon being identified as a tropical depression. On the next day, October 3, both the Japan Meteorological Agency and the Joint Typhoon Warning Center began issuing advisories on Tropical Depression 20W. The depression stayed at the same intensity as it travelled west toward the Mariana Islands on October 4, but on October 5, 20W began undergoing rapid intensification and early that day, the system was issued with the name Hagibis by the JMA, which means "speed" in Filipino. Sea surface temperatures and wind shear became extremely favourable for tropical cyclogenesis and Hagibis started extremely rapid intensification on October 6, and became a Category 5 super typhoon in under 12 hours—the second of the 2019 Pacific typhoon season. Edging closer to the uninhabited areas of the Mariana Islands, Hagibis displayed excellent convection as well as a well-defined circulation. The system developed a pinhole eye and made landfall on the Northern Mariana Islands at peak intensity, with 10-minute sustained winds of 105kn (195km/h; 120mph) and a central pressure of 915hPa (27.02inHg).[4]
Land interaction did not affect Hagibis much, but as the system continued to move westward, it underwent an eyewall replacement cycle, which is usual for all tropical cyclones of a similar intensity. The inner eyewall was robbed of its needed moisture and Hagibis began to weaken, but the storm developed a large, cloud-filled eye, which then became clear, and Hagibis restrengthened to reach its second peak. Travelling toward Japan, Hagibis encountered high vertical wind shear and its inner eyewall began to degrade, and the outer eyewalls rapidly eroded as its center began to be exposed. On October 12, Hagibis made landfall on Japan at 19:00 JST (10:00 UTC) on the Izu Peninsula near Shizuoka. Then, an hour later at 20:00 JST (11:00 UTC), Hagibis made its second landfall on Japan in the Greater Tokyo Area. Due to increasing wind shear at 60 knots (69mph; 110km/h), its structure became torn apart as it sped at 34 knots (39mph; 63km/h) north-northeast toward more hostile conditions. On October 13, Hagibis became an extratropical low and the JMA and JTWC issued their final advisories on the system. However, the extratropical remnant of Hagibis persisted for more than a week, before dissipating on October 22. Hagibis caused catastrophic destruction across much of eastern Japan. Hagibis spawned a large tornado on October 12, which struck the Ichihara area of Chiba Prefecture during the onset of Hagibis; the tornado, along with a 5.7 magnitude earthquake off the coast, caused additional damage to those areas that were damaged by Hagibis.[5][6] Hagibis caused more than $17 billion (2019 USD) in damages, making it, at the time, the costliest typhoon on record until it was beaten by Typhoon Doksuri of 2023 (when not adjusted for inflation).[7]
Meteorological history
Map plotting the storm's track and intensity, according to the Saffir–Simpson scale
In early October, a poorly-organized and broad area of storms persisted over 1,500km (930mi) east of Guam. With favorable atmospheric conditions and warm sea surface temperatures prevailing, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) began noting the possibility of tropical cyclogenesis on October4,[8] eventually issuing a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert the next day.[9] The system initially remained stationary,[10] consolidating a center of circulation in the lower levels of the atmosphere.[9] The Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) declared the disturbance a tropical depression at 00:00UTC on October5.[4] At the time, the system was 1,030km (640mi) northeast of Pohnpei, quickly developing cumulonimbus clouds around its center and establishing conducive outflow as it tracked west around the periphery of an area of high pressure.[11][12] The tropical depression strengthened into a tropical storm by 18:00UTC on October5 while 1,560km (970mi) east of Guam,[4] gaining the name Hagibis.[13] A dominant curved rainband had begun to wrap around the center of Hagibis, signifying further organization.[14] On October6, the storm made a slight turn towards the west-southwest and began an accelerated period of intensification within an environment with low wind shear and atop warm waters,[15][4] reaching severe tropical storm intensity at 12:00UTC and typhoon strength six hours later as it developed a small eye.[4][16]
Typhoon Hagibis entered a period of explosive intensification on October7,[17] with its central pressure falling 55hPa (mbar; 1.62inHg) in 12hours according to the JMA.[4] Estimates from the JTWC suggested a 185km/h (115mph) increase in the storm's maximum winds in 22hours. During this phase, Hagibis maintained a pinhole eye9km (5.6mi) across, encircled by a highly compact and sharply-defined eyewall.[17] The rate of intensification was among the fastest observed in the Western Pacific.[18] According to the JMA, Hagibis reached its peak intensity at 09:00UTC on October7 with a minimum pressure of 915hPa (mbar; 27.02inHg) and 10-minute sustained winds of 195km/h (121mph); Hagibis would maintain this intensity for 72hours.[4] The JTWC classified Hagibis as a super typhoon early on October7,[19] and later assessed peak 1-minute sustained winds of 295km/h (185mph), while also estimating a pressure of 890hPa (mbar; 26.28inHg), as Hagibis passed just south of Anatahan in the Northern Mariana Islands.[20] Hagibis was unusually rapid in its trek through the Mariana Islands, traveling with a forward motion of 27–34km/h (17–21mph).[21]
Typhoon Hagibis making landfall on Japan, first on the Izu Peninsula and then near Yokohama.
After passing the Mariana Islands, Hagibis began an eyewall replacement cycle, which caused the rapid intensification phase to end. As the primary eyewall began to erode,[22] the JTWC downgraded the typhoon to a Category4-equivalent super typhoon at 00:00 UTC on October8. Several hours later, Hagibis completed the eyewall replacement cycle and reintensified to Category5-equivalent intensity, attaining a secondary peak intensity with 1-minute sustained winds of 280km/h (175mph). Hagibis began to weaken on October10, as sea surface temperatures decreased and wind shear increased. Mild strengthening was forecast shortly after Hagibis downgraded to a Category 3 typhoon, but this prediction failed to materialize, as the storm neared land and its outer rainbands began to erode. After gradual weakening, Hagibis made landfall on Shizuoka as a Category 2-equivalent typhoon, with 1-minute sustained winds of 155km/h (96mph), at around 08:30UTC on October12. While over Japan, Hagibis became disorganized from high wind shear and eventually became extratropical on October13.[23] Afterward, the extratropical remnant of Hagibis accelerating northeastward, for the next few days. From October 16 to 20, Hagibis made a counter-clockwise loop over the western Bering Sea, while gradually weakening. Afterward, the remnant of Hagibis drifted southwestward and then eastward, before dissipating on October22.
Shelves in shops around Tokyo were quickly cleared, as people bought supplies ahead of Hagibis making landfall.
Forecasts across eastern, western, and northern Japan called for strong winds and torrential rain that would likely cause flooding and mudslides.[25]JR Group, Japan Airlines, and All Nippon Airways suspended services.[26]JMA weather forecaster, Yasushi Kajiwara, said, "It is a level 5 situation; some sort of disaster may have already taken place. People are strongly advised to act to protect their lives right away."[27] Evacuation orders have been issued to more than 800,000 households across 11 prefectures.[28] Over 230,000 people took the advice to head to evacuation shelters.[29]
The typhoon had effects on several major sporting events occurring in Japan. Three matches of the 2019 Rugby World Cup were cancelled due to Hagibis, including the Pool B matches between New Zealand and Italy, and Canada and Namibia, and the Pool C match between England and France. This marked the first time that matches have been cancelled in the history of the Rugby World Cup.[30][31] All cancelled matches were counted as draws: the cancelled fixture effectively eliminated Italy from the tournament, as they had a chance to potentially qualify for the knockout stage with a sufficient margin of victory against New Zealand.[32]
The Mariana Islands were glanced by Typhoon Hagibis. Acting Governor Arnold Palacios began giving "all-clear" signals based on information from the National Weather Service and CNMI Emergency Operations Center. Communities have been cleaning up debris and all evacuation centers are now closed. On October12, most utilities were restored and had started reopening.[37]
Early on October12, a tornado struck Ichihara City, which killed one person and left two people injured.[38] In the afternoon, some areas of Japan suffered heavy flooding, with tens of thousands of homes without power. The Japan Meteorological Agency warned that high winds could cause further flooding and landslides. The agency issued evacuation advisories in high-risk areas.[39] Over 76 centimetres (30in) of rain fell in parts of Japan. Japan's Fire and Disaster Management Agency stated that at least 98 people have been confirmed dead, 7 people are missing, with 346 people injured by the storm.[40][41] More than 270,000 households lost power across the country.[42] Ten trains of the Hokuriku Shinkansen Line in Nagano City were inundated by flood waters, leading to a loss of ¥32.8billion (US$300million).[43] Total economic losses across the nation were huge, which stood at ¥1.88trillion (US$17.3billion).[7]
At around 18:22JST (09:22UTC) on October12, a magnitude 5.7 earthquake occurred off the coast of Chiba Prefecture, worsening the dangerous conditions already created by Hagibis.[44]
Hino Bridge above Tama River, damaged by Typhoon Hagibis
Due to the severe impacts of Typhoon Hagibis in Japan, the name Hagibis was officially retired during the 52nd Annual Session, organized by the ESCAP/WMO Typhoon Committee in February 2020. In February 2021, the Typhoon Committee subsequently chose Ragasa as its replacement name.[47]
Significant Tropical Weather Advisory for the Western and South Pacific Oceans (04/0600) (Report). Pearl Harbor, Hawaii: Joint Typhoon Warning Center. October 4, 2019.
Significant Tropical Weather Advisory for the Western and South Pacific Oceans (05/0230) (Report). Pearl Harbor, Hawaii: Joint Typhoon Warning Center. October 5, 2019.
Bukunt, Brandon; Middlebrooke, Mike (October 8, 2019). Super Typhoon Hagibis (20W) Intermediate Advisory Number 10 (Report). Tiyan, Guam: National Weather Service Tiyan, Guam.
"Prognostic Reasoning 06Z (Hagibis)". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Naval Meteorology and Oceanography Command. October 8, 2019. Archived from the original on October 8, 2019. Retrieved October 8, 2019.
2.jpg){kind=link}