UEFA_coefficient

UEFA coefficient

UEFA coefficient

Statistics used for ranking and seeding teams


In European football, the UEFA coefficients are statistics based in weighted arithmetic means used for ranking and seeding teams in club and international competitions. Introduced in 1979 for men's football tournaments,[1] and after applied in women's football and futsal, the coefficients are calculated by UEFA, who administer football within Europe, as well as Armenia, Cyprus, Israel and the Asian parts of some transcontinental countries.

The confederation publishes three types of rankings: one analysing a single season, one analysing a five-year span and another analysing a ten-year span. For men's competitions (discussed in this article), three sets of coefficients are calculated:

Men's association coefficient

Map of UEFA associations whose teams have reached the group stage of the UEFA Champions League
  UEFA member association that has been represented in the group stage
  UEFA member association that has not been represented in the group stage
  Not a UEFA member
Map of UEFA associations whose teams reached the group stage of the UEFA Europa League
  UEFA member association that has been represented in the group stage
  UEFA member association that has not been represented in the group stage
  Not a UEFA member
Map of UEFA associations whose teams reached the group stage of the UEFA Europa Conference League
  UEFA member association that has been represented in the group stage
  UEFA member association that has not been represented in the group stage
  Not a UEFA member

The association coefficient is used to rank the football associations of Europe, and thus determine the number of clubs from an association that will participate in the UEFA Champions League, the UEFA Europa League and the UEFA Europa Conference League.

The UEFA ranking determines the number of teams competing in the season after the next, not in the first season after the publication of the ranking. Thus, the rankings at the end of the 2021–22 season determine the team allocation by association in the 2023–24 (not 2022–23) UEFA season. This is unrelated to the selection of teams which will fill each allocation through the individual association leagues and national cups (which is decided in the preceding season).

This coefficient is determined by the results of the clubs of the associations in the UEFA Champions League, UEFA Europa League and the UEFA Europa Conference League games over the past five seasons. Two points are awarded for each win by a club, and one for a draw (points are halved in the qualifying rounds). Results determined by extra time do count in determining the allocation of points, but results determined by penalty-shootouts do not affect the allocation of points, other than for bonus points given for qualification into the latter rounds. The number of points awarded each season is divided by the number of teams that participated for that association in that season. This number is then rounded down to three decimal places (e.g. 2+23 would be rounded to 2.666).[3][4]

To determine an association's coefficient for a particular season, the coefficients for the last five seasons are added. Bonus points are added to the number of points scored in a season. Bonus points are allocated for:[5]

  • Clubs that reach the group stage (4 bonus points for the Champions League).
  • Group winners (4 bonus points for the Europa League, 2 bonus points for the Europa Conference League).
  • Group runners-up (2 bonus points for the Europa League, 1 bonus point for the Europa Conference League).
  • Clubs that reach the round of 16 (5 bonus points for the Champions League, 1 bonus point for the Europa League).
  • Clubs that reach the quarter-finals (1 bonus point for the Champions League and the Europa League).
  • Clubs that reach the semi-finals or final (1 bonus point for the Champions League, Europa League and Europa Conference League).

UEFA uses this coefficient system to decide which teams gain automatic entry to the group stage and which teams must go through qualifying. For instance, the teams who occupy the top four league places in the associations ranked 1 to 4 in UEFA competition, the top two teams of the association ranked 5 and 6, and the champions in the associations ranked 7 to 10 gain automatic entry into the group stages for the following season's Champions League competition.

Current ranking

The ranking below takes into account of each association's performance in European competitions from 2019–20 to 2023–24, with the 2023–24 season ongoing.

The final ranking at the end of the 2023–24 season will be used to determine the minimum number of places for each association in the 2025–26 UEFA club competitions.

As of 17 April 2024, the coefficients are as follows:[6][7]

More information Ranking, Member association (L: League, C: Cup, LC: League Cup) ...
  Indicates active associations which have all their teams still competing in this season's UEFA club competitions (i.e. Champions League, Europa League or Europa Conference League).
  Indicates active associations which have some teams still competing in this season's UEFA club competitions.
  Indicates associations which have no teams remaining in this season's UEFA club competitions.
  1. Number of teams still active from association in UEFA Champions League, UEFA Europa League or UEFA Europa Conference League.
  2. Beginning in the 2024–25 season, 1 additional team from each of the 2 associations with the highest 1-year association coefficient will be awarded a berth in the Champions League group stage.
  3. The winner of the league cup of England is given a place in the UEFA Europa Conference League by special permission from UEFA (replacing the lowest-ranked league team which would have qualified).
  4. Did not participate in Europe this season, but were awarded 4.333 (the lowest coefficient obtained in the previous 5 seasons)
  5. Not participating in Europe this season
  6. The Liechtenstein Football Association does not organise a national league competition and all its seven clubs compete in the Swiss football league system.[8][9] As a result, the only competitor from Liechtenstein in European competitions is the Liechtenstein Cup winners, who qualify for the UEFA Europa Conference League.[9]

Notes

  1. ^
    Russia (RUS): On 28 February 2022, Russian football clubs and national teams were suspended from FIFA and UEFA competitions due to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.[10][11][12] On 2 May 2022, UEFA confirmed that Russian clubs would be excluded from the 2022–23 UEFA competitions and be awarded the minimum coefficient from the previous 5 seasons (4.333) for 2022–23.[13] Later UEFA changed Russia's coefficient in 2022–23 season to zero, but they subsequently restored their coefficient to 4.333 at the end of the 2022–23 season.[14]

Further information on Liechtenstein's status and similar cases

According to the UEFA regulations a National League needs to consist of at least eight clubs to be considered valid, otherwise no participants of such a league will be allowed to enter European competitions.

  • There are only seven clubs that are active in Liechtenstein, all of which play in neighbouring Switzerland's league competitions.
  • Prior to the introduction of the Welsh Premier League in 1992 Wales also had a single participant in European competitions, the winner (or best placed Welsh team as several English teams also competed) of the Welsh Cup, in the now defunct UEFA Cup Winners' Cup.

Impact of COVID-19 pandemic

Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, two-legged ties in the knockout stages of the 2019–20 UEFA Champions League and 2019–20 UEFA Europa League, and in the qualifying stages of the 2020–21 UEFA Champions League and 2020–21 UEFA Europa League, were changed to single-leg matches. In those cases where there was such a change in format, the following points were awarded instead:[15][16]

  • 3 points for a win (1.5 points for qualifying and play-off matches)
  • 2 points for a draw (1 point for qualifying and play-off matches)
  • 1 point for a loss (0.5 points for qualifying and play-off matches)

This translates to the original system (2 points for a win, 1 point for a draw, 0 points for a loss) by considering the "unplayed leg" as a draw.

Distribution of team competition quotas

2024–27

The following is the default access list for the 2024–25 and future seasons.[17] Rankings in table exclude Liechtenstein.[lower-alpha 1]

More information Champions League, Europa League ...

2021–24

The following was the default access list from the 2021–22 season through the 2023–24 season.[18][19] Rankings in table exclude Liechtenstein.[lower-alpha 1]

More information Champions League, Europa League ...
  1. The Liechtenstein Football Association does not organise a national league competition and all its seven clubs compete in the Swiss football league system.[8][9] As a result, the only competitor from Liechtenstein in European competitions is the Liechtenstein Cup winners, who qualify for the UEFA Europa Conference League.[9]

History

The FARoyal Spanish Football FederationThe FARoyal Spanish Football FederationItalian Football FederationDFBItalian Football FederationThe FADFBThe FARoyal Spanish Football Federation

Following the introduction of the UEFA Cup in 1971, the competition began to grow in complexity having more clubs than the European Champions Cup and the Cup Winners' Cup, reaching up to four from a single country. UEFA began to publish rankings in 1979,[1] to identify the number of participants for each association in the UEFA Cup.

Subsequently, for statistical purposes, various rankings were introduced to portray the history of the associations. According to the prorated (extended) calculation system, only four associations have succeeded in being ranked as the top European association.[20]

Following the Heysel Stadium disaster, all English teams were banned from UEFA competitions in 1985. The ban was only lifted after five seasons, with the knock-on effects continuing to impact on English football for a total of nine years from 1986 to 1994.[21] Having been top in 1985, England were un-ranked in 1990[22] and would not regain the top position until 2008.[23]

Russia was barred from competitions after the Russian invasion of Ukraine. Due to military aggression and calls by Russia to "demilitarise" and "denazify", many football clubs in Ukraine were forced to be dissolved or suspend their participation due to destruction of their football infrastructure. [citation needed]

Also, FIFA imposed passive sanctions on Ukrainian clubs (along with Russian clubs) by suspending employment contracts of football players playing in Ukraine due to safety concerns in relations to the Russian aggression without any consultations with Ukrainian football community.[24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33] The CEO Serhii Palkin of Ukrainian leading football club Shakhtar Donetsk points out that this move led to a big financial loss and FIFA should compensate Ukrainian football community. In October 2023 UEFA brought one of the Ukrainian leading clubs' executive officers, who in 2021 received the "UEFA Grassroot Award",[34] to its Executive Committee on Status of Players.[35][36][37]

Top associations by period

The following data indicates the three top-ranked associations in each five-year period.[38] Data prior to 1975–1979 period has been calculated, but precedes the first published by the Confederation and has merely informative value.[38] Note that the table take into account the results from the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup, which was a non-UEFA competition that took place until 1971, whose teams in the first editions were representing cities instead of clubs.

More information Years, 1st place ...

The table shows the ranking of nations with respect to the total number of years in the top three of the rankings:

As of 7 June 2023
More information Association, 1st ...

Women's association coefficient

Current ranking

The ranking below takes into account of each association's performance in European competitions from 2019–20 to 2023–24, with the 2023–24 season currently taking place.

The final ranking at the end of the 2023–24 season will be used to determine the number of places for each association in the 2025–26 UEFA Women's Champions League.

As of 28 March 2024 the coefficients are as follows:[39]

More information Ranking, Member association (L: League) ...
  Indicates active associations which have all their teams still competing in this season's UEFA Women's Champions League.
  Indicates active associations which have some teams still competing in this season's UEFA Women's Champions League.
  Indicates associations which have no teams remaining in this season's UEFA Women's Champions League.
  1. Number of teams still active from association in UEFA Women's Champions League.
  2. Did not participate in Europe this season, but were awarded 1.750 (the lowest coefficient obtained in the previous 5 seasons)
  3. Did not participate in European competitions that season.
  4. No rank, association did not enter in any of the seasons used for computing coefficients (NR)
  5. No women's domestic league (NL)

Notes

  1. ^
    Russia (RUS): On 28 February 2022, Russian football clubs and national teams were suspended from FIFA and UEFA competitions due to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.[10][11][12] On 2 May 2022, UEFA confirmed that Russian clubs would be excluded from the 2022–23 UEFA competitions and be awarded the minimum coefficient from the previous 5 seasons (1.750) for 2022–23.[13] Later, UEFA changed Russia's coefficient in 2022–23 season into zero, but UEFA subsequently restored their coefficient to 1.750 at the end of the 2022–23 season.[40][41]

History

Top associations by period

The following data indicates the three top-ranked women's associations in each five-year period.

More information Years, 1st place ...

The table shows the ranking of nations with respect to the total number of years in the top three of the rankings:

As of 4 June 2023
More information League, 1st ...

Men's club coefficient

The club coefficient is either the sum of the points earned by the club in the UEFA Champions League, UEFA Europa League and UEFA Europa Conference League over the previous five seasons or 20% of the club's association coefficient over the same period, whichever coefficient is higher.[42] This ranking is used by UEFA to determine a club's seeding in club competition draws, including the qualifying and group stages of the UEFA Champions League, UEFA Europa League, UEFA Europa Conference League, and FIFA Club World Cup.[2]

The clubs receive two points for a win, one point for a draw, and no points for a defeat in games of the main stages of the Champions League, Europa League and Europa Conference League. Results determined after extra-time are included in this method, however results determined after penalty shoot-outs are not (the result is considered a draw). Bonus points for entering the Europa League group stage or Europa Conference League group stage are not additional to win/draw points; they provide a minimum points allowance for participating clubs, whereas bonus points for entering the Champions League group stage (and those for qualifying to the knockout stage) are additional to win/draw points.

Qualifying round results are only taken into account if the club is eliminated in one of the rounds (see table below). Otherwise, the qualifying round results are taken into account only for the calculation of the association's coefficient and are halved.[43] The clubs do not receive any points for elimination in the Champions League or Europa League qualifying because those clubs move to the Europa League and/or Europa Conference League and receive points from participation in that competition.[44][45]

Current club ranking

The ranking below takes into account of each club's performance in European competitions from 2019–20 to 2023–24, with the 2023–24 season ongoing.

The top 25 clubs as of 17 April 2024 are as follows.[46][47]

More information Ranking, Club ...
  Indicates clubs still active in this season's UEFA Champions League.
  Indicates clubs still active in this season's UEFA Europa League.
  Indicates clubs still active in this season's UEFA Europa Conference League.
  Indicates clubs from active associations in this season's UEFA club competitions.
  Indicates clubs from associations which have no teams remaining in this season's UEFA club competitions.
  1. Did not participate in European competitions that season

Club point allocations

2024–25 through 2026–27 seasons

More information Round, Points awarded ...

2021–22 through 2023–24 seasons

More information Round, Points awarded ...

2018–19 through 2020–21 seasons

More information Round, Points awarded ...

Prior to the 2018 club rankings, teams received the sum of their points earned over the last five seasons plus 20% of the club's association coefficient.[43][44]

Before 1999 a number of strong teams in the UEFA Cup were seeded such that those teams did not meet in the first two rounds. To determine these teams, the sum of the ratio of the number of points achieved to the number of games played by each team, was calculated for the past five seasons.

Top club by period

The following data indicate the top-ranked clubs in each 5-year period.[38] Data prior to 1975–1979 period has been calculated, but precedes the first published by the Confederation and has merely informative value.[38]

More information Years, Club ...

Top-rated clubs listed by number of times they were top-ranked over a 5-year period since the first period officially analysed (1975–1979):

Women's club coefficient

The season coefficient of a club is calculated by adding the total number of points it obtains in a given season and 20% of its association's coefficient for that same season. A club's five-season coefficient is the cumulative total of its five season coefficients from the reference period and 20% of its association's five-season association's coefficient.[48] This ranking is used by UEFA to determine a club's seeding in club competition draws, including the qualifying and group stages of the UEFA Women's Champions League.

The distribution of points is symmetrical to the distribution of points in association ranking.

2021–22 and future seasons

More information Round, Points awarded ...

Current team ranking

The ranking below takes into account of each team's performance in European competitions from 2019–20 to 2023–24, with the 2023–24 season starting 26 July 2023.

The top 25 clubs as of 28 March 2024 are as follows:[49]

More information Ranking, Club ...
  Indicates teams still active in this season's UEFA Women's Champions League.
  Indicates teams from active associations in this season's UEFA Women's Champions League.
  Indicates teams from associations which have no teams remaining in this season's UEFA Women's Champions League.
  1. Did not participate in European competitions that season.

Top club by period

The following data indicate the top-ranked women's clubs in each 5-year period.

More information Years, Club ...

Top-rated women's clubs listed by number of times they were top-ranked over a 5-year period since the first period officially analysed (2001–2005):

More information Rank, Club ...

Men's amateur coefficient

UEFA calculates coefficients for each association that takes part in the UEFA Regions' Cup. These coefficients are calculated to compile ranking lists that are used to determine the round in which each team enters the competition and to seed the teams for the draws. The coefficient ranking list is established for the preliminary and intermediate round draws on the basis of the associations’ results in the three most recent completed seasons at the time of the draws. For the 2022–23 competition, the coefficient ranking list is therefore based on the associations' results in the seasons 2014–15, 2016–17 and 2018–19.[50]

As of 8 December 2021 the coefficients are as follows:[51]

More information Rank, Member association ...

Points are awarded for each match played in the qualifying competition. Match points are awarded in accordance with the final scores as ratified by UEFA. Final tournament matches and penalty shoot-outs are not taken into consideration. In addition to the match points, the bonus points are awarded for each season.The points are given as follows:[50]

More information Round, Points awarded ...

Futsal tournaments' coefficient

Men's national team

Since 2020 FIFA Futsal World Cup qualification, the UEFA coefficients are based on the Elo rating system and are constantly updated to all non-friendly matches.[52] This ranking is used to seed national teams on UEFA competitions and to decide the number of clubs from an association that will participate in the UEFA Futsal Champions League. The rating below is the situation after the UEFA Futsal Euro 2022 qualifications have been played:

More information Team, Coeff. ...

Women's national team

2020 ranking

The coefficients from 2020 used for the seeding and pot placements in the draw for UEFA Women's Futsal Euro 2022, were based on results on 2019 edition.[53]

More information Team, Coeff. ...

Men's futsal club coefficient

The club coefficient, used to determine seeds and entrance round on the UEFA Futsal Champions League, is the sum of the points earned by the club in that competition on the previous three seasons and 50% of the club's association coefficient over the same period. The association coefficient is the sum of the points earned by all the clubs of the association. Even though all calculation procedures are public for association and club coefficients, UEFA only publishes the coefficients of the clubs competing in the next season of UEFA Futsal Champions League.[54]

More information Round, Points awarded ...

The coefficients for the top 16 teams competing on 2022–23 UEFA Futsal Champions League are as follows:[55]

More information Rank, Team ...

Youth tournaments' coefficient

UEFA Under-19

More information Team, Coeff ...

UEFA Under-17

More information Team, Coeff ...

UEFA Women's Under-19

More information Team, Coeff ...

UEFA Women's Under-17

More information Team, Coeff ...

Futsal Club's (Nation)

More information Rank, Association ...

Youth Club's (Club)

Criticisms

The UEFA coefficient system has been criticised for being likely to preserve the status quo for rankings and seedings, as well as for favouring teams from stronger leagues.[56]

See also


References

  1. Patric Andersson; Peter Ayton; Carsten Schmidt (2009). Myths and Facts about Football: The Economics and Psychology of the World's Greatest Sport. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 136. ISBN 978-14-4381-525-3.
  2. "UEFA Country Coefficients 2012-2013". UEFA. Archived from the original on 27 May 2013. Retrieved 12 November 2012.
  3. "Regulations of UEFA Champions League" (PDF). UEFA. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 May 2013. Retrieved 27 May 2013.
  4. "Bonus points". UEFA. Archived from the original on 26 August 2022. Retrieved 26 August 2022.
  5. "UEFA Country Ranking 2024". kassiesa.net. Retrieved 17 April 2024.
  6. "Border crossing". When Saturday Comes (WSC). July 2008. Archived from the original on 13 April 2016. Retrieved 14 April 2016.
  7. "Liechtenstein making strides (Liechtenstein's profile)". UEFA. Archived from the original on 13 April 2016. Retrieved 14 April 2016.
  8. Roan, Stone, Dan, Simon (28 February 2022). "Ukraine crisis: FIFA and UEFA suspend all Russian clubs and national teams". BBC Sport. Retrieved 28 February 2022.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  9. "Country coefficients" (Press release). UEFA. Retrieved 13 June 2023.
  10. "Access List 2024/25". kassiesa.net. Retrieved 12 April 2023.
  11. "Champions League and Europa League changes next season" (Press release). UEFA. 27 February 2018. Archived from the original on 7 September 2018. Retrieved 27 February 2018.
  12. "UEFA club competition access list 2021–24" (PDF). UEFA. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 December 2020.
  13. "UEFA Country Ranking 1985". Archived from the original on 1 March 2015. Retrieved 22 April 2014.
  14. "UEFA Country Ranking 1990". Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 22 April 2014.
  15. "UEFA European Cup Coefficients Database". Bert Kassies. Retrieved 13 April 2012.
  16. uefa.com. "Women's association club coefficients – UEFA". UEFA. Retrieved 28 March 2024.
  17. "Country coefficients" (Press release). UEFA. Retrieved 26 December 2022.
  18. "Country coefficients" (Press release). UEFA. Retrieved 13 June 2023.
  19. "UEFA Coefficients calculation method". Bert Kassies. Retrieved 28 August 2010.
  20. "UEFA Club Coefficients 2012-2013". UEFA. Archived from the original on 15 March 2016. Retrieved 20 November 2012.
  21. Bonus points (Report). UEFA. Retrieved 21 September 2021.
  22. "UEFA Team Ranking 2024". kassiesa.net. Retrieved 17 April 2024.
  23. "Regulations of the UEFA Women's Champions League". UEFA. Archived from the original on 27 September 2022. Retrieved 28 September 2022.
  24. uefa.com. "Women's club coefficients – UEFA". UEFA. Retrieved 28 March 2024.
  25. "Regulations of the UEFA Regions' Cup". UEFA. 1 March 2018. Archived from the original on 22 January 2021. Retrieved 11 December 2021.
  26. "Coefficients calculation for the 2022/23 preliminary and intermediate rounds" (PDF). UEFA. 8 December 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 December 2021. Retrieved 11 December 2021.
  27. UEFA.com (10 June 2020). "How the men's futsal national team coefficients are calculated". UEFA. Archived from the original on 23 August 2020. Retrieved 27 October 2020.
  28. "Women's Futsal National Teams Coefficient Rankings" (PDF). UEFA. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 February 2020.
  29. "Regulations of the UEFA Futsal Champions League". UEFA. Archived from the original on 31 October 2020. Retrieved 27 October 2020.
  30. "Coefficient ranking 2022/23" (PDF). UEFA. 30 June 2022. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 June 2022. Retrieved 1 July 2022.
  31. Chris Bevan (28 August 2013). "How Uefa's seeding system helps Arsenal & hinders Celtic". BBC Sport. Archived from the original on 27 August 2013. Retrieved 15 July 2014.

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