Union County is a county located in the north central portion of the U.S. state of Florida, the smallest in the state by area. As of the 2020 census, the population was 16,147.^[1] The county seat is Lake Butler.^[2] With a personal per capita income of $18,396 (as of 2017), it is the poorest county in the United States.

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Union County
County
Union County Courthouse
Location within the U.S. state of Florida
Florida's location within the U.S.
Coordinates: 30°02′N 82°22′W
Country	United States
State	Florida
Founded	May 20, 1921
Named for	Concept of Unity
Seat	Lake Butler
Largest city	Lake Butler
Area
• Total	250 sq mi (600 km2)
• Land	244 sq mi (630 km2)
• Water	6.2 sq mi (16 km2)  2.5%
Population  (2020)
• Total	16,147
• Density	64/sq mi (25/km2)
Time zone	UTC−5 (Eastern)
• Summer (DST)	UTC−4 (EDT)
Congressional district	3rd
Website	www.unioncounty-fl.gov

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Union County was created in 1921 from part of Bradford County. It was named to honor the concept of unity. Union County is the location of Union Correctional Institution and the Reception and Medical Center (RMC).^[3] Union CI is a maximum security prison and is home to part of Florida's Death Row. The death chamber is located at nearby Florida State Prison (FSP) in Bradford County. Florida State Prison also houses some death-row inmates.

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 250 square miles (650 km²), of which 244 square miles (630 km²) is land and 6.2 square miles (16 km²) (2.5%) is water.^[4] It is the smallest county by area in Florida.

As of the 2020 United States census, there were 16,147 people, 4,008 households, and 2,873 families residing in the county.

At the 2000 census,^[14] there were 13,442 people, 3,367 households and 2,606 families residing in the county. The population density was 56 per square mile (22/km²). There were 3,736 housing units at an average density of 16 per square mile (6/km²). The racial makeup of the county was 73.62% White, 22.84% Black or African American, 0.66% Native American, 0.31% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 1.04% from other races, and 1.50% from two or more races. 3.55% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

Of the 3,367 households, 41.80% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.70% were married couples living together, 15.00% had a female householder with no husband present, and 22.60% were non-families. 19.50% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.10% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.76 and the average family size was 3.13.

The age distribution was 21.80% under the age of 18, 8.70% from 18 to 24, 39.80% from 25 to 44, 22.20% from 45 to 64, and 7.50% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females there were 183.00 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 215.20 males. This extremely skewed gender distribution is the result of the county's male prison population.

The median household income was $34,563, and the median family income was $37,516. Males had a median income of $28,571 versus $22,083 for females. The county's per capita income was $12,333. About 10.50% of families and 14.00% of the population were below the poverty line, including 14.60% of those under age 18 and 16.20% of those age 65 or over.

The county suffers a death rate of about 1600 per 100,000 residents, the highest in the nation.^[15]

The Florida Department of Corrections (FDOC) operates Region II Correctional Facility Office in an unincorporated area in Union County.^[17] FDOC also maintains the Union Correctional Institution in an unincorporated area in the county.^[18] Union Correctional Institution houses one of two death rows for men in Florida.^[19] About a third of the county's population is imprisoned, compared to a statewide figure of one-half percent.^[16]

The Union Juvenile Residential Facility of the Florida Department of Juvenile Justice is in an unincorporated area in Union County.^[20]

Union County School District serves the county.

• National Register of Historic Places listings in Union County, Florida