Union_of_European_Football_Associations

UEFA

UEFA

International governing body for association football in Europe


The Union of European Football Associations (UEFA /jˈfə/ yoo-AY-fə; French: Union des associations européennes de football;[lower-alpha 1] German: Union der europäischen Fußballverbände)[lower-alpha 2] is one of six continental bodies of governance in association football. It governs football, futsal and beach football in Europe and the transcontinental countries of Turkey, Azerbaijan, Georgia and Kazakhstan, as well as the West Asian countries of Cyprus, Armenia and Israel.[3] UEFA consists of 55 national association members. Since 2022, due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine, FIFA and UEFA suspended all Russian national teams and clubs from any FIFA and UEFA competitions.[4]

Quick Facts Abbreviation, Formation ...

UEFA consists of the national football associations of Europe, and runs national and club competitions including the UEFA European Championship, UEFA Nations League, UEFA Champions League, UEFA Europa League, UEFA Europa Conference League, and UEFA Super Cup, and also controls the prize money, regulations, as well as media rights to those competitions.

Henri Delaunay acted as the first general secretary and Ebbe Schwartz as the first president. The current president is Aleksander Čeferin, a former Football Association of Slovenia president, who was elected as UEFA's seventh president at the 12th Extraordinary UEFA Congress in Athens in September 2016, and automatically became a vice-president of the world body FIFA.[5]

History and membership

UEFA was officially inaugurated on 15 June 1954 in Basel, Switzerland after consultation between the Italian, French, and Belgian associations.[6] At the founding meeting, 25 members were present. However, 6 other associations which were not present were still recognised as founding members, bringing the total of founding associations to 31.[7] UEFA grew to more than 50 members by the mid-1990s, as new associations were born out of the fragmentation of the Soviet Union, Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia into their constituent states.

UEFA's main headquarters after its foundation were located in Paris, but moved to Bern in 1960. They moved to Nyon, Switzerland, in 1995, where they operated out of temporary offices until 1999 while the organisation's current headquarters were under construction.[8]

UEFA membership coincides for the most part with recognition as a sovereign country in Europe (48 out of 55 members are sovereign UN member states), although there are some exceptions. One UN member state (Monaco) and one UN General Assembly non-member observer state (Vatican City) are not members. Some UEFA members are not sovereign states, but form part of a larger recognised sovereign state in the context of international law. These include England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales (constituent countries of the United Kingdom), Gibraltar (British Overseas Territory), the Faroe Islands (autonomous territory within the Kingdom of Denmark), and Kosovo (state with limited recognition), however, in the context of these countries, government functions concerning sport tend to be carried at the territorial level coterminous with the UEFA member entity. UEFA have previously declined membership to those deemed as non-sovereign countries like Jersey.[9]

Some UEFA members are transcontinental states (Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kazakhstan and Turkey) and others are considered part of Europe both culturally and politically (Cyprus and Armenia). Countries which had been members of the Asian Football Confederation (AFC) were also admitted to the European football association, such as Israel (because it had been banned from the AFC group in 1974) and Kazakhstan.

Some UEFA member associations allow teams from outside their association's main territory to take part in their "domestic" competition. AS Monaco, for example, takes part in the French League (though a separate sovereign entity); Welsh clubs Cardiff City, Swansea City, Newport County A.F.C. and Wrexham A.F.C. participate in the English League; Derry City, situated in Northern Ireland, plays in the Republic of Ireland-based League of Ireland; A team from San Marino participates in the Italian League; FC Andorra, situated in Andorra, plays in the Spanish League and the 7 native Liechtenstein teams play in the Swiss Leagues, as Liechtenstein has no internal league [10] and only a cup competition.

National teams represented by UEFA are known for being successful throughout the history of the FIFA World Cup. Out of 22 tournaments so far, European teams have won 12 World Cup titles. Italy and Germany have four titles each, followed by France with two titles and England and Spain, winning once each. The national associations of these countries also are responsible for organizing the so-called «Europe's Big Five», consisting of Spain's La Liga, England's Premier League, Germany's Bundesliga, Italy's Serie A and France's Ligue 1.[11]

On 28 February 2022, due to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine and in accordance with a recommendation by the International Olympic Committee (IOC), the UEFA suspended the participation of Russia.[12][13] The Russian Football Union unsuccessfully appealed the UEFA ban to the Court of Arbitration for Sport, which upheld the ban.[14][15] On 26 September, 2023 the ban was lifted for the Russia national under-17 football team enabling them to complete in the 2024 UEFA European Under-17 Championship with UEFA saying "by banning children from our competitions, we not only fail to recognise and uphold a fundamental right for their holistic development but we directly discriminate against them". The lifting of the ban also applied to all teams, men and women, of underage players.[16] This was rejected by the FA of Ukraine, England, and Sweden, with all three threatening to boycott matches against Russia.[17]

Executive committee

UEFA's executive committee is composed of;[18]

Members

More information Code, Association ...

Former members

More information Association, Year ...

Competitions

UEFA continental competitions

UEFA runs official international competitions in Europe and some countries of Northern, Southwestern and Central Asia for national teams and professional clubs, known as UEFA competitions, some of which are regarded as the world's most prestigious tournaments.

UEFA is the organiser of two of the most prestigious competitions in international football: The UEFA European Championship and the UEFA Nations League. The main competition for men's national teams is the UEFA European Championship (also known as the Euro), which started in 1958, with the first finals in 1960, and was known as the European Nations Cup until 1964. The UEFA Nations League is the second tournament of UEFA and was introduced in 2018. The tournament largely replaced the international friendly matches previously played on the FIFA International Match Calendar. It will be played every two years.

UEFA also runs national competitions at Under-21, Under-19 and Under-17 levels. For women's national teams, UEFA operates the UEFA Women's Championship for senior national sides as well as Women's Under-19 and Women's Under-17 Championships.

World, Olympic and intercontinental competitions

Beside continental European competitions for national and their junior teams, the UEFA organizes various qualification male and female tournaments among European national and their junior teams for World Cups (organized by FIFA) and Olympics (organized by IOC).

UEFA also organised the UEFA–CAF Meridian Cup with CAF for youth teams in an effort to boost youth football. UEFA launched the UEFA Regions' Cup, for semi-professional teams representing their local region, in 1999. In futsal there is the UEFA Futsal Championship and UEFA Under-19 Futsal Championship. Despite the existence of UEFA's Futsal and Beach soccer committee, UEFA does not organise any beach soccer competitions. International and club beach soccer competitions for UEFA members are organised externally by Beach Soccer Worldwide.

The Italian, German, Spanish, French and Russian[lower-alpha 19] men's national teams are the only teams to have won the European football championship in all categories.

Club

UEFA member countries by club competition entry entitlements, 2009/10

The top-ranked UEFA competition is the UEFA Champions League, which started in the 1992/93 season and gathers the top 1–4 teams of each country's league (the number of teams depend on that country's ranking and can be upgraded or downgraded); this competition was re-structured from a previous one that only gathered the top team of each country (held from 1955 to 1992 and known as the European Champion Clubs' Cup or simply the European Cup).

A second, lower-ranked competition is the UEFA Europa League. This competition, for national knockout cup winners and high-placed league teams, was launched by UEFA in 1971 as a successor of both the former UEFA Cup and the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup (also began in 1955). A third competition, the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup, which started in 1960, was absorbed into the UEFA Cup (now UEFA Europa League) in 1999.

In December 2018, UEFA announced the creation of a third club competition, later named the UEFA Europa Conference League. The competition features 32 teams in 8 groups of 4, with a knockout round between the second placed teams in Europa Conference League and the third placed teams in the Europa League, leading to a final 16 knockout stage featuring the eight group winners. The first edition of the competition was played in 2021–2022.[22]

In women's football UEFA also conducts the UEFA Women's Champions League for club teams. The competition was first held in 2001, and was known as the UEFA Women's Cup until 2009.

The UEFA Super Cup pits the winners of the Champions League against the winners of the Europa League (previously the winners of the Cup Winners' Cup), and came into being in 1973.[23][24][25]

The UEFA Intertoto Cup was a summer competition, previously operated by several Central European football associations, which was relaunched and recognised as official UEFA club competition by UEFA in 1995.[26] The last Intertoto Cup took place in 2008.

The European/South American Cup was jointly organised with CONMEBOL between the Champions League and the Copa Libertadores winners.[27]

Only five teams[28][29] (Juventus, Ajax, Manchester United, Bayern Munich and Chelsea[lower-alpha 20]) have won each of the three main competitions (European Cup/UEFA Champions League, European Cup Winners' Cup/UEFA Cup Winners' Cup and UEFA Cup/UEFA Europa League),[30] a feat that is no longer possible for any team that did not win the Cup Winners' Cup. There are currently eight teams throughout Europe that have won two of the three trophies; all but one have won the Cup Winners' Cup, four require a win in the Champions League and four require a UEFA Europa League win.

Until the first staging of the UEFA Europa Conference League in 2022, Juventus of Italy was the only team in Europe to win all UEFA's official championships and cups[31] and, in commemoration of achieving that feat, have received The UEFA Plaque by the Union of European Football Associations on 12 July 1988.[32][33]

UEFA's premier futsal competition is the UEFA Futsal Cup, a tournament started in 2001 which replaced the former Futsal European Clubs Championship. This event, despite enjoying a long and well-established tradition in the European futsal community, dating back to 1984, was never recognised as official by UEFA.

Recently, there has been an attempt to create a Europa League-style second tier women's club competition, which has been in discussion since 2021.[34]

Current title holders

More information Competition, Year ...

Titles by nation

More information Nation, Men ...

Sponsors

UEFA national team competitions
UEFA Champions League

Note: The UEFA Champions League sponsors are also sponsors of the UEFA Super Cup and the UEFA Youth League.

UEFA Europa League

Note: The UEFA Europa League sponsors are also sponsors of the UEFA Europa Conference League.

UEFA women's football competitions

FIFA World Rankings

Overview

More information FIFA, +/- ...

Team of the Year

More information Year, First ...

Major tournament records

Legend

  •  1st  – Champions
  •  2nd  – Runners-up
  •  3rd  – Third place[lower-alpha 25]
  •  4th  – Fourth place
  • QF – Quarter-finals (1934–1938, 1954–1970, and 1986–present: knockout round of 8)
  • R2 – Round 2 (1974–1978, second group stage, top 8; 1982: second group stage, top 12; 1986–2022: knockout round of 16)
  • R1 – Round 1 (1930, 1950–1970 and 1986–present: group stage; 1934–1938: knockout round of 16; 1974–1982: first group stage)
  • Q Qualified for upcoming tournament
  •    – Did not qualify
  •  ×  – Did not enter / Withdrew / Banned
  •     – Hosts

For each tournament, the flag of the host country and the number of teams in each finals tournament (in brackets) are shown.

FIFA World Cup

More information FIFA World Cup record, Team ...

FIFA Women's World Cup

More information FIFA Women's World Cup record, Team ...

Olympic Games For Men

More information Olympic Games (Men's tournament) record, Team ...

Olympic Games For Women

More information Olympic Games (Women's tournament) record, Team ...

UEFA European Championship

More information record, Team (Total 36 teams) ...

UEFA Women's Championship

More information Team, 1984 (4) ...

FIFA U-20 World Cup

More information FIFA U-20 World Cup record, Team ...

FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup

More information FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup record, Team ...

FIFA U-17 World Cup

More information FIFA U-17 World Cup record, Team ...

FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup

More information FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup record, Team ...

FIFA Futsal World Cup

More information FIFA Futsal World Cup record, Team ...

FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup

More information Team, Beach Soccer World Championship record ...

Former tournaments

FIFA Confederations Cup

More information FIFA Confederations Cup record, Team ...

Sanctions

Against associations

Against clubs

  • Albania Albania, in 1967 special sanctions were imposed against 1966–67 Albanian Superliga due to its political background
  • England England, in 1985–1991 sanctions were imposed against English association football clubs due to the Heysel Stadium disaster by suspending their participation in continental competitions for five years
  • Italy Italy, in 1974–1975 sanctions were imposed against SS Lazio due to its fans, Italy was restricted from the European Cup to which Lazio qualified
  • Netherlands Netherlands, in 1990–1991 sanctions were imposed against AFC Ajax due to its fans, the Netherlands were restricted from the European Cup to which Ajax qualified

Corruption and controversy

Dissatisfied fans across Europe have referred to the organisation as UEFA mafia, including in Russia's top league,[40] in Bulgaria's top league,[41] and in a Champions League group stage match held in Sweden.[42] The term has also been covered for its use outside of stadiums, for example during a protest in Kosovo outside an EU building following the Serbia v Albania (UEFA Euro 2016 qualifying) match.[43] F.C. Copenhagen supporters displayed banners around the city, with slogans such as "UEFA MAFIA - THE PANDEMIC OF FOOTBALL", when UEFA ordered their 2019-20 Europa League round of 16 return leg be played behind closed doors, despite reduced capacity being allowed by the Danish government.[44]

Following the 2015 FIFA corruption case, the then-president of UEFA, Michel Platini, was also involved in the case. Swiss prosecutors accused FIFA president Sepp Blatter of making a "disloyal payment" of $2m (£1.6m) to Mr Platini. Swiss attorney general, Michael Lauber [de], stated: "We didn't interview Mr Platini as a witness, that's not true. We investigated against him in between as a witness and an accused person".[45][46] Both Platini and Sepp Blatter were banned from football-related activity. Platini appealed to Court of Arbitration for Sports, which lowered the six-year ban to four years. He further appealed to Swiss courts and the European Court of Human Rights but the courts rejected his appeals.[47]

In 2019 UEFA's decision to host Europa League Cup final in Baku, Azerbaijan left one of the finalists, Arsenal, with a decision to withdraw their Armenian player Henrikh Mkhitaryan out of the competition due to safety concerns,[48] and there has been long-standing debates about the extent to which the elite clubs or UEFA itself should exert the most influence on the game.[49] UEFA's decision to partner with blockchain company Chiliz in February 2022 was criticised and described as 'incomprehensible' by fan groups across Europe.[50]

The adjudicatory committee of UEFA's Club Financial Control Board's report that was produced in 2020 but never published, get leaked. The report on Manchester City F.C.'s financial charges has been obtained by the filmmakers of the YouTube documentary "Britain's Biggest Football Scandal?", which was released by Surise Media.

The report claims that two £15 million payments were made by a United Arab Emirates' mystery man to the Manchester City football club from 2012 and 2013. The £30 million payments are expected to be included in the 115 alleged violations of the Premier League's financial regulations that Manchester City was charged with. The payments, which were purportedly made by Etisalat, the UAE's majority state-owned telecommunications company, were actually disguised equity funding. The report claims that the funding came from the Abu Dhabi United Group (ADUG), the investment group owned by Sheikh Mansour bin Zayed Al Nahyan.

Manchester City argued that Etisalat had repaid the £30 million in 2015, but the UEFA adjudicatory committee did not accept this. In 2019, the committee imposed a two-year European ban on City, which was overturned a year later by the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS). The CAS ruled that the £30 million payments could not be considered rule breaches because they were time-barred. Premier League and UEFA financial rules allows unlimited amount of sponsorship funding into the club while limiting the amount of equity funding into the club to cover losses.[51]

See also

Resolutions

UEFA congress

Financial fair play

UEFA coefficient

UEFA presidents

Planned competitions

Notes

  1. pronounced [ynjɔ̃ dez‿asɔsjɑsjɔ̃ øʁɔpeɛn futbol].
  2. Founded as Comité Français Interfédéral in 1907, a predecessor to the current federation.
  3. The current French FA, the French Football Federation (in its previous incarnation, the Comité Français Interfédéral), replaced the USFSA in 1907.
  4. Icelandic top-flight club football dates back to 1912 or 35 years prior to founding of KSI. All titles pre-1947 are recognized by KSI
  5. Former member of the Asian Football Confederation (1954–1974), joined UEFA after political pressure from Arab and Muslim members that refused to play against them. See also Foreign relations of Israel and International recognition of Israel.
  6. In 1992 Israel joined UEFA as an associate member, and thereafter Israeli clubs have played in the various UEFA club competitions, while the national teams have played in UEFA championships.
  7. Former member of the Asian Football Confederation (1994–2002), joined UEFA.
  8. Kazakhstan is a member of the Olympic Council of Asia rather than the European Olympic Committees.
  9. Founded as Związek Polski Piłki Nożnej (part of the disintegrated Austrian Football Union) in 1911, a predecessor to the current federation.
  10. Joined West Germany.
  11. Joined Football Association of West Germany as German Football Association.
  12. In 1992, the Soviet Union was dissolved into 15 republics (10 in Europe and 5 in Asia) with the Russian Football Union being acknowledged as the direct successor of the Football Federation of the Soviet Union; in spring and summer of 1992 it was represented by teams of the Commonwealth of Independent States.
  13. In 1992, Yugoslavia collapsed, with various federal republics becoming independent states, leaving only Serbia and Montenegro as part of FR Yugoslavia (which was renamed the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro in 2003); there was no direct successor of Football Association of Yugoslavia. Four other successor republics formed their own football organisations.
  14. Became Football Association of the Czech Republic and Slovak Football Association with both football associations acknowledged as its direct successor.
  15. In 2006, the union state was dissolved with the Football Association of Serbia becoming its successor. Montenegro, which exited the union, created the Football Association of Montenegro. It competed as FR Yugoslavia until 2003 when the country changed its name to Serbia and Montenegro.
  16. Including results of the Soviet Union.
  17. Chelsea qualified for Europa League's Round of 32 after finishing in third place in the group stage of the 2012–13 Champions League.
  18. Including East Germany and West Germany.
  19. Including the Soviet Union.
  20. Including Czechoslovakia.
  21. Including Yugoslavia.
  22. There was no third place match in 1930; The United States and Yugoslavia lost in the semi-finals. FIFA recognizes the United States as the third-placed team and Yugoslavia as the fourth-placed team using the overall records of the teams in the 1930 FIFA World Cup.
  23. Austria qualified in 1938, but withdrew to play as part of Germany after being annexed.
  24. FIFA considers that the national team of Russia succeeds the USSR, the national team of Serbia succeeds Yugoslavia/Serbia and Montenegro, the national teams of the Czech Republic and Slovakia succeeds Czechoslovakia, and the national team of Germany succeeds West Germany and East Germany.
  25. Israel competed as Eretz Yisrael (Land of Israel) in 1934 and in 1938, with a team consisting exclusively of Jewish and British footballers from the Palestine Mandate.
  26. Republic of Ireland competed as the Irish Free State in 1934 and then as Ireland in 1938 and 1950.
  27. Russia's best result is quarter-finals in 2018. However, FIFA considers Russia as the successor team of the USSR.
  28. The East German team represented the United Team of Germany in 1964, winning the bronze medal.
  29. The team represented the United Team of Germany in 1956, and the Federal Republic of Germany (i.e., West Germany) in 1972, 1984 and 1988, and winning the bronze medal in 1988.
  30. Includes three appearances as Czechoslovakia
  31. Includes five appearances as West Germany
  32. Greece entered the 1964 competition, but later withdrew after refusing to play Albania.
  33. Includes five appearances as the Soviet Union and one as CIS
  34. Includes four appearances as Yugoslavia and one as FR Yugoslavia
  35. Does not include Euro 1992 qualification and disqualification due to international sanctions
  36. Spain refused to travel to the Soviet Union for their qualification match, so the Soviet Union qualified by walkover.
  37. Kazakhstan represented AFC before 2000.
  38. The 2020 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup, later postponed to 2021, was cancelled due to COVID-19 pandemic.

References

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  2. "Čeferin elected as UEFA President". UEFA. Archived from the original on 18 September 2016. Retrieved 14 September 2016.
  3. UEFA.com. "National Associations | Inside UEFA". UEFA.com. Retrieved 28 July 2022.
  4. uefa.com. "President – About UEFA – Inside UEFA". UEFA.com. Archived from the original on 1 March 2014. Retrieved 7 July 2018.
  5. "60 years at the heart of football" (PDF). UEFA. 18 May 2020. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 February 2019. Retrieved 18 May 2020.
  6. Vieli, André (2014). "UEFA: 60 years at the heart of football" (PDF). UEFA. Nyon. p. 169. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 February 2019. Retrieved 13 May 2020.
  7. "UEFA marks ten years at headquarters". UEFA. 2 October 2009. Retrieved 31 August 2021.
  8. "Jersey fails in bid to join UEFA". Reuters. 26 February 2018.
  9. "Fifa and Uefa suspend all Russian teams". BBC Sport. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
  10. "FIFA/UEFA suspend Russian clubs and national teams from all competitions". FIFA (Press release). 28 February 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
  11. "CAS 2022/A/8709" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 April 2022.
  12. "UEFA Executive Committee". UEFA. Retrieved 30 January 2024.
  13. "UEFA Executive Committee". UEFA. Archived from the original on 7 January 2019. Retrieved 14 September 2016.
  14. "Football Confederations - UEFA". FIFA.com. Archived from the original on 7 March 2019.
  15. "History of the UEFA Super Cup". uefa.com. Archived from the original on 1 July 2010. Retrieved 21 August 2006.
  16. "1973: Ajax enjoy early success". uefa.com. March 1974. Retrieved 5 January 2016.
  17. "uefa.com – UEFA Cup Winners' Cup". uefa.com. Archived from the original on 3 May 2010.
  18. "History of the UEFA Intertoto Cup". uefa.com. Archived from the original on 8 December 2013. Retrieved 14 August 2009.
  19. "History of the UEFA/CONMEBOL Intercontinental Cup". uefa.com. Archived from the original on 8 December 2013. Retrieved 14 August 2009.
  20. "Un dilema histórico". El Mundo Deportivo's Historical Archive (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 26 March 2010. Retrieved 23 September 2003.
  21. "The man with the golden touch". uefa.com. Archived from the original on 30 April 2011. Retrieved 27 August 2004.
  22. "List of European official clubs' cups and tournaments". uefa.com. Archived from the original on 30 December 2007. Retrieved 21 August 2006.
  23. "Heineken becomes UEL partner". UEFA.com. 3 August 2020.
  24. "The FIFA/Coca-Cola World Ranking". FIFA. 4 April 2024. Retrieved 4 April 2024.
  25. "The FIFA/Coca-Cola Women's World Ranking". FIFA. 15 March 2024. Retrieved 15 March 2024.
  26. "Inter Milan v Napoli as it happened". BBC Sport. 19 October 2014. Retrieved 1 April 2016.
  27. "Why Uefa and Bulgaria must act over 'yes to racism' banner". The Guardian. 7 October 2014. Retrieved 1 April 2016.
  28. "Malmo fans sing 'UEFA Mafia' chant during Champions League defeat to Juventus". Eurosport. 27 November 2014. Archived from the original on 11 April 2016. Retrieved 1 April 2016.
  29. "Kosovo Albanians protest UEFA ruling; Serbia FM and Serbian FA reaction". Associated Press. 24 October 2014. Archived from the original on 14 April 2016. Retrieved 1 April 2016.
  30. "Spydige bannere pryder København: UEFA Mafia! - ronaldo.com" (in Danish). 5 August 2020. Retrieved 13 December 2021.
  31. "Fifa scandal: Michel Platini drawn closer to Blatter case". bbc.com. 30 September 2015. Retrieved 30 September 2015.
  32. "Platini says the SFr2m was contracted, Lauber says he is under investigation". insideworldfootball.com. 30 September 2015. Archived from the original on 1 October 2015. Retrieved 30 September 2015.
  33. Ronay, Barney (5 March 2020). "Michel Platini's appeal over ban rejected by European court of human rights". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
  34. "Henrikh Mkhitaryan to miss Europa League final". www.arsenal.com. Retrieved 21 May 2019.
  35. Holt, Matthew (11 December 2006). "The Ownership and Control of Elite Club Competition in European Football". Soccer and Society. 8. Taylor and Francis Online: 50–67. doi:10.1080/14660970600989491. eISSN 1743-9590. ISSN 1466-0970. S2CID 143783793.
  36. MacInnes, Paul (15 February 2022). "Fan group 'appalled' by Uefa deal with cryptocurrency company". The Guardian. Retrieved 19 February 2023.
  37. Ziegler, Martyn; Lawton, Matt (29 June 2023). "Man City accused over £30m 'sponsorship' payments". The Times. Retrieved 4 July 2023.

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