United National Front (2001–2015)

The UNF was formed as an alliance in 2001 to contest against the ruling SLFP-led People's Alliance led by president Chandrika Kumaratunga in the 2001 parliamentary elections. The alliance initially consisted of only the United National Party, the Ceylon Workers' Congress, the Sri Lanka Muslim Congress and the Western People's Front. The alliance won the election, securing 109 seats in the parliament, which was 4 seats short of a majority.

From October 2013 onwards, however, the UNF government had been in limbo, when president Kumaratunga declared a state of emergency and took three key cabinet portfolios for her party. During the campaign, Kumaratunga argued that prime minister Wickremesinghe had been too soft on the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam and promised to take a harder stance against the Tamil rebel group. The UNF, on the other hand, stressed the economic gains that the country had made as a result of the ceasefire and the need to find a negotiated solution to the civil war. Eventually, Kumaratunga dissolved the parliament and called another election in 2004, in which the UNF lost to newly formed United People's Freedom Alliance.

Following the UNF's defeat, many of the constituent parties subsequently crossed over from the UNF to the UPFA. In 2006, CWC left the alliance to join UPFA. The UNP and SLMC together contested in the 2010 parliamentary election as the UNF and only secured 29.34% of the popular vote and 60 out of 225 seats. After the election, the SLMC the UNF and joined the UPFA government of President Mahinda Rajapaksa.^[1]

United National Front for Good Governance (2015–2020)

The UNP has contested in parliamentary elections as part of a bigger alliance with smaller parties in the past before, but many of these parties would defect to the opposing party following the election.^[2][3] The United National Front was once again relaunched by the UNP as a common front against Mahinda Rajapaksa, who was defeated in the 2015 presidential elections. The UNF this time had the support of many parties such as the Jathika Hela Urumaya, Sri Lanka Muslim Congress, Tamil National Alliance etc. as a major coalition to support the common opposition candidate Maithripala Sirisena, a former member of the SLFP and minister in Rajapaksa's government before turning against Rajapaksa and formally running as a New Democratic Front candidate.

Prior to the election being called, the UNP had claimed it would contest in the election on its own.^[4][5][6] However, after the election had been calledl the UNP instead began to form alliances with several minority parties, including the Sri Lanka Muslim Congress (SLMC) and the Tamil Progressive Alliance (TPA).^{[7][8][9][10]} Following the presidential election, the de facto electoral alliance between president Sirisena and the UNP's United National Front led to Sirisena appointing UNP leader Ranil Wickremesinghe as his Prime Minister, the day Sirisena was elected president.

On 12 July 2015, the UNP, SLMC and TPA signed agreements with the Jathika Hela Urumaya (JHU) and anti-Rajapaksa members of the SLFP to form the United National Front for Good Governance (UNFGG) to contest the parliamentary election.^[11][12][13] The All Ceylon Makkal Congress (ACMC) also contested with the UNFGG.^[14][15] Though the UNFGG was believed to have had the tacit support of president Sirisena, Sirisena has officially pledged remain neutral.^[16][17][18]

The UNFGG had originally been established by the renaming of the JHU after it left the UPFA.^[19][20][21] It was registered as a political party with the diamond symbol.^[22][23] Despite this, the UNFGG contested in the election under the name and elephant symbol of the UNP.^[24][25] Then-UNFGG general secretary Champika Ranawaka has stated that the JHU name and its conch symbol will be revived after the election.^[26]

The UNFGG became the largest group in Parliament following the 2015 parliamentary elections, securing 45.66% of the vote and 106 seats, whilst the UPFA won only 42.38% of the vote and 95 seats.^[27][28] Rajapaksa quickly conceded defeat in his attempt to return to power and become Prime Minister.^[29][30] 42 members of the opposition subsequently joined the UNFGG government, giving them a 2/3 majority. The result left the UNFGG seven seats short of a majority in Parliament.^[31][32] However, on 20 August 2015, the central committee of the SLFP agreed to form a national government with the UNP for two years.^[33][34] Wickremesinghe was sworn in as prime minister for another term on 21 August 2015.^[35][36] Immediately afterwards, a memorandum of understanding to work together in Parliament was signed by acting SLFP general secretary Duminda Dissanayake and UNP general secretary Kabir Hashim.^[37][38]

Samagi Jana Balawegaya and split

Prior to the 2020 parliamentary elections, the working committee of the UNP appointed opposition leader Sajith Premadasa as the leader of the new UNP-led alliance, the Samagi Jana Balawegaya (SJB), and selected Premadasa as the prime ministerial candidate of the SJB.^[39] UNP senior Ranjith Madduma Bandara was named as the new General Secretary of the alliance.^[40][41] The Jathika Hela Urumaya, Sri Lanka Muslim Congress and the Tamil Progressive Alliance also announced their support for the new alliance.^[42]

52 out of 77 UNP MPs joined the new alliance. On 14 February 2020, both Sajith Premadasa and Ranil Wickremesinghe agreed to contest in the elections under the swan symbol and file nominations under the Samagi Jana Balawegaya in an attempt to deescalate the ongoing threat of division within the United National Party.^[43] At the last minute, however, UNP leader Ranil Wickremesinghe withdrew from the SJB alliance, despite his previous approval of the alliance to contest. Despite Wickremesinghe's decision, the majority of the UNP signed nominations under the SJB. Approximately 75 members of parliament joined the alliance, while a minority faction of the UNP filed nominations under the elephant symbol.

The UNP suffered its worst defeat in history in the elections, receiving only 2.15% of votes cast. For the first time, the party almost failed to win a single seat in parliament, having only gained one national list seat.^[44]